expert model correct answers learners mimic a gold standard and a strong perceptual trace is
desirable
learning model correct answers novice or peer who is practicing and actively involved in
learning, receiving feedback, demonstrating variability, making errors, the process of problem
solving is emphasized
, factors that influence demonstrations correct answers cognition, attention, knowledge, self
regulation, and memory
developmental considerations correct answers demonstration effectiveness depends on
development
children focus on task goals, not movement form
show and tell correct answers works best for learners ages 4-5
verbal cueing and rehearsal w demonstrations correct answers best for early elementary school,
older children likely have language skills to use such strategies
correct model of a demonstration correct answers best recognized by 7-9 year olds
verbal instruction correct answers often used with demonstrations to convey task requirements
such as movement from, sequence, and movement outcome
verbal cues correct answers can direct attention to regulatory conditions in the environment,
prompt key skill components, or initiate activity
should be 1-3 words in length
directing attention correct answers attention may be broad or narrow and external or interal
internal focus correct answers one's own movement
ex) position of ones limbs
external focus correct answers intended effects of the movement
ex) whether the pass reached my partner
internal vs external focus correct answers in general, an external focus will produce greater
accuracy, consistency, and efficiency in learning compared to an internal focus
early periods of motor development correct answers prenatal period
reflexive period
preadapted period
prenatal period of motor development correct answers last two trimesters
environmental exposures can negatively affect future development
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