identify some common measurements in exercise physiology correct answers Work = force x distance
Joule (j) = newton (N) x meter (m)
Power = work / time
Watt (W) - joule (j) / second (s)
Explain the 2 ways energy energy expenditure is measured correct answers Expressed as calorie or VO2 (oxyge...
KIN 310 Exam 1 || with 100% Correct Answers.
identify some common measurements in exercise physiology correct answers Work = force x
distance
Joule (j) = newton (N) x meter (m)
Power = work / time
Watt (W) - joule (j) / second (s)
Explain the 2 ways energy energy expenditure is measured correct answers Expressed as calorie
or VO2 (oxygen consumption)
Directly assessed by measuring heat energy (calorie)
Indirectly expressed by measuring oxygen consumption (VO2)
Describe what VO2 is and how it is expressed correct answers VO2 is a measure of oxygen
consumption. It is expressed in multiple ways
L/min (absolute)
ml/kg/min (relative)
Metabolic equivalent (MET)
kcal/min (5 kcal per L of O2)
Describe why VO2 increases during exercise correct answers VO2 increases during exercise
because you need oxygen to create energy from foodstuff, and you need energy for cellular
activities, ATP being the main source. As exercise gets harder, the body needs to recruit more
muscle fibers to do work, so it needs more ATP and therefore more oxygen
Why does our body need oxygen both at rest and during exercise? correct answers Because it
needs to maintain homeostasis within the body and keep up with multiple different processes and
organs which require ATP which thus require oxygen
What is homeostasis? correct answers Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant "normal"
internal environment during rest
What is steady state? correct answers Steady state is the maintenance of a constant internal
environment not at rest, during exercise for example
How do biological control systems maintain homeostasis? correct answers They make use of a
sensor (receptor), control center, and effector with feedback loops. A sensor detects change, the
control center creates a response, and then it sends the message to the effector which carries out
the response.
What is a negative feedback loop? correct answers It is a method of maintaining homeostasis, the
most common form of feedback. The response reverses a change in the controlled condition, and
the variable returns to a set point. There is no stop signal required and the set points are
adaptable. An example is a thermostat
, What is a positive feedback loop? correct answers This is a less common occurrence. The
response in the body strengthens or reinforces a stimulation and requires a stop signal.
An example is oxytocin
What does it mean for the body to undergo adaptations to follow exercise training? correct
answers An adaptation is a change in structure and function of a cell or organ system. It increases
the ability of a cell or organ to maintain homeostasis. The adaptation is elicited by various
stimuli such as exercise or disease.
Describe the 5 ways of cellular signaling correct answers Intracrine: messenger within cell
triggers pathway within same cell (remains inside cell)
Juxtacrine: cells communicate via cell-to-cell contact
Autocrine: messenger produced and released by cell acts on same cell (binds to cell surface
receptors)
Paracrine: messenger released by cells act on nearby cells
Endocrine: messenger (hormone) travels through blood to target organ
Define what metabolism is and the types of reactions involved correct answers Metabolism is the
total of all cellular reactions in the body. There are catabolic and anabolic reactions involved,
often occurring as coupled reactions.
Catabolic reactions decompose and release energy, or are exergonic, while anabolic reactions
synthesize and consume energy, or are endergonic.
Describe what happens in a redox reaction correct answers The oxidation reaction removes
electrons and is identified as the reducing agent
The reduction reaction adds electrons and is identified as the oxidizing agent
You need a molecule to be oxidized in order for another molecule to be reduced
The reactions often involve the transfer of hydrogen. When a molecule loses the H
(dehydrogenated), it is oxidized. When it gains an H, it is reduced
Identify what NAD and FAD are correct answers NAD is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
NAD+ can be reduced to NADH (+ H+)
FAD is flavin adenine dinucleotide. FAD can be reduced to FADH or FADH2
What are enzymes? What factors affect their activity? Describe the roles of enzymes as catalysts
in reactions. correct answers Enzymes are protein molecules that regulate the rate of a reaction.
They are known as "catalysts", they function to lower the activation energy of a reaction
allowing it to occur more readily and speed up the rate of reactions.
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to activate atoms or molecules to a
condition in which they can go under a chemical reaction
Describe what foodstuff we can use to create energy correct answers - Carbohydrates
Exist in monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Mainly function as a source of chemical energy
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Lipids
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