Indicators of causality correct answers Association, precedence, plausibility, parsimony
Types of Statistical tests correct answers Correlation, T-test, ANOVA, Chi-square
Association correct answers must be present to infer causality
Precedence correct answers cause comes before the effect...
Weaknesses of experimental studies correct answers expectation and attrition effects, other
mechanisms of explanation
Strengths of experimental studies correct answers equivalence, more conclusive
, Active data collection correct answers when participants actively do something to collect/record
data
passive data collection correct answers collecting data that requires no effort from the participant
Induction correct answers bottom up, using specific evidence to make broad implications
Deduction correct answers top down, using broad knowledge to make specific hypothesis
When to use predictor/outcome variables correct answers observational studies
When to use independent/dependent variables correct answers experimental studies
Ontology correct answers Defining things, the study of being
Epistemology correct answers study of knowledge and reason, beliefs justified through evidence
Phenomenology correct answers The study of individuals' own unique, first-person, conscious
experience. What is real? People's personal experiences and observations
Ethics correct answers what is right and wrong, are risks justified?
Different types of scales correct answers quantitative, categorical
Quantitative scales correct answers discrete or continuous
discrete quantitative variable correct answers specific number/integer (# of siblings)
continuous quantitative variable correct answers can take on any continuous number (height,
weight)
categorical scales correct answers nominal or ordinal
nominal categorical variables correct answers have no order or differences (wearing red, blue, or
white)
ordinal categorical variables correct answers can be put in a meaningful order, have distinct
differences (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)
Problem with sampling bias correct answers samples are not representative of the population of
interest
Types of sampling correct answers random, convenience, stratified
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