Case-control studies differ from cross-sectional studies because they
A. Can't have more than one time point
B. Don't have a randomized control group
C. Don't have the same sampling procedures for all participants
D. Can collect information about many aspects of a person's life correct answers ...
BBH 310 Exam #3 || with 100% Errorless Solutions.
Case-control studies differ from cross-sectional studies because they
A. Can't have more than one time point
B. Don't have a randomized control group
C. Don't have the same sampling procedures for all participants
D. Can collect information about many aspects of a person's life correct answers C
For which study design would it NOT make sense to use a random sample?
A. cross-sectional study
B. cohort study
C. case-control study
D. case study
E. experimental study correct answers D
A lethal form of a fairly common cancer has a median survival rate of only 3 months. Thus, to
study risk factors for the incidence of the disease, which design is more appropriate?
A. case-control study
B. cohort study
C. cross-sectional study
D. case study
E. experimental study correct answers B
Which research designs rely on retrospective assessments to evaluate which factors may
influence disease outcomes?
A. lab experiments and clinical trials
B. cohort studies and case studies
C. cross-sectional and case-control studies correct answers C
What research design is best for tracking ethnic disparities in disease outcomes?
A. case-control study
B. lab experiment
C. cohort study
D. cross-sectional study
E. case study correct answers C
What study design should be chosen?
Measuring how common is Lyme disease in Pennsylvania.
A. cross-sectional study
B. clinical trial
C. laboratory experiment
D. case study
E. case-control study correct answers A
Identify the study design. Jurcev-Savicevic et al. (2013) write: "Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a
necessary, but not sufficient, cause of tuberculosis. Croatia is a European country with an
,incidence rate of 14/100 000 which is slowly decreasing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
potential demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and biological risk factors for tuberculosis in
Croatia in comparison to other high-income, low-incidence European countries. A total of 300
tuberculosis patients were matched for age, sex and county of residence to 300 controls
randomly selected from general practitioners' registers. They were interviewed and their medical
records were evaluated for variables broadly described as potential risk factors. In our study, the
identified risk groups for tuberculosis reflect a complex interaction between socioeconomic
conditions, lifestyle and non-communicable diseases."
A. cross-sectional s correct answers E
A research group invites undergraduate students into the lab to see if injections of oxytocin (the
so-called love hormone) make people act more racist in trust games played with people of
different skin colors. They randomly assign people to either oxytocin or placebo, and then
measure the outcome immediately after with research assistants. This design is a
A. lab experiment
B. case-control
C. cross-sectional
D. cohort correct answers A
What type of research design is easiest for doing probability sampling?
A. experimental study
B. observational study correct answers B
When we examine the link between a "person variable" and a health outcome, we would use an
_______ design.
A. observational
B. experimental correct answers A
A researcher runs a study testing for the effects of a medicine on a health outcome. Under which
condition will the researcher be able to draw the strongest conclusions about the medicine
causing a benefit for the health outcome?
A. When the expectations of benefit are allowed to be present in both groups, but the greatest
emphasis is placed on making sure those expectations are equal between the treatment and the
control groups
B. When the expectations of benefit are minimized in both groups, so that the control group may
expect a bit of a benefit but the treatment group doesn't expect any benefit
C. When the expectations of benefit are minimized in both groups, so that the treatment group
may expect a bit of a benefit but the control group doesn't expect any benefit correct answers A
Why is a "person variable" unlikely to be a confounder in an experimental study?
A. Random assignment balances the confounding variables between two groups
B. The person variables are experimentally controlled by holding them constant across
conditions
C. Manipulation of the independent variable forces everyone to be equal correct answers A
, Students in BBH 411W are running a little study. When participants get to their station, they ask
them what month they were born in. If the month was Jan-June, they go in the control group. If
the month was July-Dec, they go in the treatment group. This design is
A. Experimental
B. quasi-experimental correct answers B
What is one advantage of a cross-over experimental design (see notation below) in comparison to
a pre-post study?
Group 1: R O X O O
Group 2: R O O X O
A. You can manipulate the intervention of interest
B. You have data to estimate outcomes in the absence of an intervention despite a similar amount
of time
C. You have data to observe what happened at baseline and thus see within-subjects differences
correct answers B
When doing a within-subjects comparison without a control group, what is one thing that is not
likely to be a confounder?
A. person variables
B. natural recovery over time
C. expectations related to the study correct answers A
Some schools decide to change their policies on recess to increase outdoor play by 30 minutes
and other schools keep recess time the same. A researcher evaluates changes in body mass index
in both groups of schools to determine whether there are health improvements in students with
increased recess time. What confounder is a particular concern for this quasi-experiment that
would not be a problem if it were a true experiment?
A. Different student characteristics in schools that change their policies
B. Random variation may cause type 1 or 2 error
C. Different operational definitions of BMI in different schools correct answers A
What type of study is best for studying if interventions can really cause an improvement in
health?
A. case-control study
B. experimental study
C. cross-sectional study
D. cohort study
E. case study correct answers B
What design will produce the most trustworthy evidence if you are studying a risk factor for a
common disease, where this risk factor is harmful and cannot be manipulated?
A. cross-sectional study
B. case study
C. case-control study
D. experimental study
E. cohort study correct answers E
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