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NSG 532 Rush – Endocrine Exam |Questions with 100% correct answers
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NSG 532 Rush – Endocrine Exam |Questions with100% correct answers
What are the two classes of steroid hormones? - ✔️✔️corticosteroids and sex steroids
What are examples of steroid hormones? (4) - ✔️✔️Corticosteroids of adrenal cortex --
aldosterone, cortisol, androgen
Sex steroid hormones of testis -- testosterone, DHT
Sex steroid of ovaries -- estrogen, progesterone
Renal Calcitriol
What are the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine produced from?
What Amino Acid? - ✔️✔️A single tyrosine amino acid
Made in the adrenal medulla
What are the amine hormones Tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine made from? - ✔️✔️two
iodinated tyrosine amino acid residues
What is the amine hormone Melatonin derived from?
Process of how melatonin is produced.... - ✔️✔️Derived from amino acid tryptophan
Hydroxylation + decarboxylation of tryptophan generates serotonin neurotransmitter
,Acetylation and methylation of serotonin neurotransmitter yields production of melatonin
What are some characteristics of amine hormones?
-Synthesized
-examples
-properties
-receptors - ✔️✔️Synthesized from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan
Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3/T4, and melatonin
Have properties common to both peptide (hydrophillic) and steroid hormones (hydrophobic)
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin act on G protein coupled receptors
T3/T4 bind on nuclear membrane
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin function similar to peptide hormones
T3/T4 function similar to steroids
Describe the 3 areas of distinction between amine hormones - ✔️✔️Water solubility
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin are hydrophilic
T3/T4 are hydrophobic
Blood Transport
,Epi/Norepi/Melatonin are dissolved in plasma
T3/T4 are transported by carrier proteins in the bloodstream
Cellular receptors
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin interact with GPCR
T3/T4 have cytoplasmic and intranuclear receptors
What glands do amine hormones originate from? What does each gland produce? - ✔️✔️Thyroid
gland -- T3/T4
Adrenal medulla -- Norepi/Epi
Pineal gland -- Melatonin
Contrast between hormone transport of the different types of hormones - ✔️✔️Water Soluble
peptide/protein and amine hormones
Will circulate freely in the plasma
Water Insoluble steroid and amine hormones (T3/T4) will be bound to transport proteins
How are water insoluable proteins transported in the blood - ✔️✔️transport proteins such as
albumin and globulin
Describe the role of Cell Membrane receptors in regard to hormones - ✔️✔️Act in cell-cell
communications by binding an extracellular, hydrophilic ligand
integral membrane proteins domains - ✔️✔️1. Extracellular (binding) domain - binds to the
ligand
, 2. Transmembrane domain - transmits the signal to the cytoplasmic domain
3. Signal Transduction Domain-generates signal transduction
What are the 4 major types of Cell Membrane Receptors? - ✔️✔️Ionotropic cell membrane
receptors --- found on ion channels
Metabotropic Cell Membrane Receptors -- indirectly linked with ion channels
Guanine nucleotide binding protein coupled cell membrane receptors
Tyrosine Kinase Cell Membrane Receptors
Describe the general pathway of G Protein Coupled Receptors - ✔️✔️Alpha subunit of G Protein -
- inactive while bound
Ligand will bind to receptor -- phosphorylate alpha subunit of G Protein
Activate subunit binds and activates either adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase on the cell
membrane
Generates a signal transduction and cellular response
Describe Tyrosine Kinase receptors - ✔️✔️Cell membrane receptors activated through ligand-
induced dimerization and auto-phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain
Activates cytoplasmic relay proteins and results in a response --relay proteins come up to
receptor to get phosphorylated and activated
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