BIO 182 EXAM 2 ASU | QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
LATEST VERSION | JUST RELEASED |
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
What is polygynous? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Species in
which males have multiple mates
What is sexual dimorphism? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
Dramatic differences between sexes; species in which males are usually
larger than females and often have weapons (horns, antlers, etc)
- Also a result of sexual selection
What is Sexual selection? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
Influence of reproductive process: fitness
Favors traits that increase reproductive success at potential cost to survival
What does the term "fitness" mean? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------
----The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene
pool relative to the average for the population, usually measured by the
number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age.
Sexual Selection vs Natural Selection ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------
------- Counteracting forces
- Male with more conspicuous coloration or behavior is more vulnerable to
predation
- Even if the trait causes males to die earlier, the trait is still beneficial as
long as males with the trait produce more offspring than males lacking the
trait
,Genetic Variation:
- Mutations:ultimate source of variation
- Sexual Reproduction: crossing over, independent assortment, mate
selection
- Frequency dependent selection
- Environmental variation
- Subpopulations in different geographic regions
Mechanisms:
- Gene flow
- Random genetic drift: Bottleneck and Founder Effects
- Selection: Artificial and Natural Selection (Directional, Disruptive,
Stabilizing)(Sexual) ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Mechanisms
of Evolution
What is Eusociality? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Adults live in
groups, individuals care for brood that is not their own, reproductive division
of labor (not all individuals get to reproduce) and overlap of generations
- Giving up one's reproductive potential is contrary to the basic premise of
natural selection (to survive and reproduce)
What is Inclusive Fitness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the
sum of an individuals genetic contribution to subsequent generations both
via production of its own offspring and via its influence on the survival of
relatives who are not direct descendants
What is Group selection? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------
Individuals staying together helping each other have a better chance of
survival than single or few individuals
- Best group is selected for
,- Alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the
benefits they give on groups
What is kin selection? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ Inclusive
fitness results from helping the survival of relatives with shared alleles from
a common ancestor
- Behaviors have evolved to increase the fitness of close relatives
- Certain genotypes may code for behaviors that help close relatives raise
more offspring than they would without help
- These alleles would be favored by selection, provided that their close
relatives are likely to have copies of the same alleles
What is Complexity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ No precise
definition when referring to a biological organism
- Structural Complexity:
Number of cell types
Different limb-pair types
Fractal dimensions in ammonites
- Functional complexity:
Number of functions an organism can perform
- Sequence complexity:
Complexity of DNA sequences
Amount of information
What are the advantages of being complex? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--
---------------- If small enough, you can get oxygen to your cells through
diffusion
-If not, a specialized respiratory systems is needed
Being bigger (more complex)
- can eat larger things
- are harder to kill
- able to exploit new niches
, Does natural selection lead to even greater complexity? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Evolution is a non-directional process
What is the biological species concept? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------
--------A species is a population or group of populations whose members
have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile
offspring
• ... are reproductively isolated from other such populations
What is the Ecological species concept? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------
---------• defines a species in terms of it's ecological niche
• a species' niche depends on its unique adaptations to its role in the
biological community
Why are we interested in genetics? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
---- Provides a foundation for studying evolution
- Genes are the smallest units of evolution
What is Evolution? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The change of
genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation?
Do individual organisms evolve? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
Because evolution is "in the genes," changes in an individual's phenotype
are not passed on to offspring
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