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Statistics Proficiency Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers
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Statistics Proficiency Exam Questions And100% Correct Answers
Population- All the individuals of interest in a particular study
sample- A subset of the population, usually selected to represent the population
parameter (Greek letters)- A value, usually a numerical value, that describes a
population, such as population mean within a population-it does not vary
Statistic (English letters)- A value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample
Data - measurements or observations; scores or raw scores
Data set - a set of data
Descriptive statistics - statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify
data Rather than- to use the data to learn about the population the data are thought to
represent
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics procedures that allow us to
study samples and then make generalization about the population from which they were
selected.
sampling error the difference, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic
and the corresponding population parameter error refers to the fact that we have taken
1 sample rather than a census of the entire population
,constant - A characteristic or condition that does not change but is identical for every
subject. For example: number of minutes in an hour, graduate school of all students in
this class, the number 7
variable - A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different
subjects. For example: height, weight, age, scores on an exam or rating scale
Two types of variables - Discrete and continuous
discrete variable- Answer consists of separate, indivisible categories. Now values can
exist between two neighbouring categories. Eg. number of children - E.g. Flip a coin and
count the number of heads. It can be any integer between 0 and infinity (can't be 2.75)
Continuous variable-exercise there are an infinite number of possible values that fall
between any two observed values.height, weight-for instance, any variable between it's
minimum and maximum values. E.g., firefighters must weight between 125 and 225 lbs)
actual limits - Answer middle between the score below and above; for continuous
variables there is a rounding so they are only an estimate of what the actual number falls
within The actual limits of a number=+ or - 1/2 unit of measurement
Independent Variable (IV) - Answer variable controlled by researcher (eg. how many
grams of food given to each group of laboratory rats)
independent variable - Answer participant characteristic to form groups (eg. gender)
independent variable - a variable which is used to predict another variable, e.g. hours of
study in predicting grade dependent variable- the variable observed for change to
measure the effect of the treatment, e.g. how fast the rats ran the maze for food
dependent variable- the variable measured when comparing two or more groups, e.g.
average income of male and female
dependent variable - The variable predicted by the dependent variable (e.g. grade of the
students)
, N - The number of scores, or number of individuals in the population of interest.
n - The number of scores, or number of individuals in the sa
Nominal Scale Coupe de rATEGORIES with different names. Nominal scale does not
make quantitative distinction between the categories -for example, gender. Values
represent a descriptive category, but no inherent numerical category.
ordinal scale - Answer a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. -
there is an ordered relationship to value value on the scale (e.g., Win, Place, Show - but
do not know whether it was a close race or not)
Interval scale: the response consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of
exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on the scale reflect equal
differences in magnitude. However, ratios of magnitudes are not meaningful.
ratio scale-the answer is an interval scale but also has an absolute zero point. With a
ratio scale, ratios of numbers reflect ratios of magnitude-equal intervals between scale
units and an absolute zero. E.g. The weight of an object; the units along the weight scale
are equal to each other and there is an absolute zero.
Absolute zero - Answer is to property of a weight scale because objects at rest can be
weightless, but cannot have a negative weight
Frequency distribution - Answer an organized tabulation of the number of individual
scores located in each category on the scale of measurement.
-
The set of categories that made up the measurement scale.
-
The frequency, or number of scores in each category. - Answer Two Elements in
Frequency Distributions
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