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UW ESS 101: Final Exam Review Questions With Answers.
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UW ESS 101: Final Exam Review Questions With Answers.
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UW ESS 101: Final Exam ReviewQuestions With Answers.
Where do shield volcanoes form? - ANSWER- oceanic hot spots
Where do strato volcanoes form? - ANSWER- subduction zones
Where do pyroclastic volcanoes form? - ANSWER- cinder cones
Why do fissure eruptions occur? - ANSWER- plateau basalts
Why do eruptions occur under water? - ANSWER- pillow basalts
pluton - ANSWER- a body of intrusive igneous rock that is crystallized from magma
slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth
Large plutons - ANSWER- batholith, stock, laccolith, lopolith
Small plutons - ANSWER- dikes, sills and necks
Where do effusive eruptions occur? Give examples - ANSWER- divergent plate
boundaries
ex. Hawaii, Iceland
Where do phreatic eruptions occur? Give examples - ANSWER- occurs when magma
heats ground or surface water - subduction zone
ex. St. Pierre, Pompeii
Pacific Northwest volcanoes - ANSWER- Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens
How do we assess volcanic hazards? - ANSWER- Recurrence intervals or the average
time or an estimated average time between events
What is weathering? - ANSWER- the chemical alteration and physical breakdown of
rock material during exposure to the air, moisture, and organic matter
What are the forms of mechanical weathering? - ANSWER- development of joints,
crystal growth (salts), frost wedging/freeze thaw, effects of heat (spalling and thermal
expansion/contraction), and bioturbation (root penetration and enlarging joint fractures
in rock)
, What are the common chemical weathering reactions? - ANSWER- carbonation,
hydrolysis, oxidation, dissolution
What are the weathering effects on common rocks? - ANSWER- concentration of stable
minerals, weathering rinds, and exfoliation and spheroidal weathering
What are some factors that influence weathering? - ANSWER- climate, organisms,
relief, parent material, time
What are the processes of soil formation? - ANSWER- -Eluviation (removal)
-Illuviation (accumulation)
-Translocation (physical movement of material through the soil profile)
-Transformation (in situ chemical alteration of minerals within soil profile)
What are the factors of soil formation (Clorpt)? - ANSWER- Cl imate
O rganisms
R elief
P arent Material
T ime
How does sediment become a sedimentary rock? - ANSWER- accumulation,
compaction, cementation
How are sedimentary rocks classified? - ANSWER- according to the size, shape, and
composition of their constituent particles
What are clastic sedimentary rocks? List the types - ANSWER- accumulated particles of
broken rock or skeletal remains of dead organisms
-conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone (shale)
-sedimentary breccia, coquina
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed? List the kinds - ANSWER- by
precipitation of minerals from solution in water
-limestone, dolostone, rock salt
What is diagensis? Give examples - ANSWER- refers to changes that affect sediment
after its initial deposition
-compaction, cementation, recrystallization, oxidation, reduction
What are the sedimentary features? - ANSWER- -stratification (parallel strata, cross
strata)
-rounding
-sorting
-Arrangements of particles within a stratum (uniform layers, graded bedding)
-Structure and Bedding within Sedimentary Rocks (ripple marks, mud cracks, deltaic
structures, graded bedding)
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