N 615: Advanced Practice Nursing: Introduction to Roles and Issues
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N 615: Advanced Practice Nursing: Introduction to
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N 615: Advanced Practice Nursing: Introduction To
Virginia Henderson - answer-Often called "the Nightingale of Modern Nursing," Henderson was a noted nursing educator and author. Her "Need Theory" was based in practice and her education. She emphasized the importance of increasing a client's independence to promote their continued healing progress...
N 615: Advanced Practice Nursing:
Introduction to Roles and Issues
Virginia Henderson - answer-Often called "the Nightingale of Modern Nursing,"
Henderson was a noted nursing educator and author. Her "Need Theory" was based
in practice and her education. She emphasized the importance of increasing a
client's independence to promote their continued healing progress after
hospitalization. Her definition of nursing was one of the first to mark the difference
between nursing and medicine. "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health
or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him
gain independence as rapidly as possible. She must in a sense, get inside the skin of
each of her patients in order to know what he needs.
Martha Rogers: - answer-Rogers' theory is known as that of the Unitary Human
Beings. Nursing seeks to promote symphonic interaction between the environment
and the person, to strengthen the coherence and integrity of the human beings, and
to direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the person and the
environment for the realization of maximum health potential. Her development of
this abstract system was strongly influenced by an early grounding in arts and
background of science along with her keen interest in space.
Dorothea E. Orem - answer-Known as the Self-Care Theory, Orem's vision of health
is a state characterized by wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily
and mental functioning. It includes physical, psychological, interpersonal and social
aspects. Her major assumptions included that people should be self-reliant and
responsible for their own care and the care of others in their family. She said that a
person's knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-
care behaviors. Orem defined nursing as an art, a helping service and a technology.
Betty Neuman: - answer-The System Model, developed by Neuman, focuses on the
response of the client system to actual or potential environmental stressors and the
use of several levels of nursing prevention intervention for attaining, retaining and
maintaining optimal client system wellness. Neuman defines the concern of nursing
is preventing stress invasion. If stress is not prevented then the nurse should
protect the client's basic structure and obtain or maintain a maximum level of
wellness. Nurses provide care through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
modes.
Hildegard Peplau: - answer-Four phases define Peplau's Interpersonal Theory or
nursing. She defines the nurse/patient relationship evolving through orientation,
identification, exploitation and resolution. She views nursing as a maturing force
that is realized as the personality develops through educational, therapeutic, and
interpersonal processes. Nurses enter into a personal relationship with an individual
when a felt need is present. Peplau's model is still very popular with clinicians
working with individuals who have psychological problems.
, Madeleine Leininger: - answer-One of the newer nursing theories, Transcultural
Nursing first appeared in 1978. According to Leininger, the goal of nursing is to
provide care congruent with cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Leininger states
that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant, distinctive and unifying
feature. She says there can be no cure without caring, but that there may be caring
with curing. Health care personnel should work towards an understanding of care
and the values, health beliefs, and life-styles of different cultures, which will form
the basis for providing culture-specific care.
Patricia Benner: - answer-From Novice to Expert is probably the simplest nursing
theory to understand. Benner describes five levels of nursing experience: novice,
advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert. The levels reflect a
movement from reliance on abstract principles to the use of past concrete
experience. She proposes that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without ever
learning the theory. Each step builds on the previous one as the learner gains
clinical expertise. Simply put, Benner says experience is a prerequisite for becoming
an expert. Benner published her "Novice to Expert Theory"
in 1982.
What are the characteristics of effective leadership? - answer-An effective leader
has a distinctive set of personal qualities: integrity, courage, initiative and an ability
to handle stress. This individual is often admired in their efforts to think critically,
set goals and skillfully communicate and collaborate.
What are the characteristics of effective management? - answer-Leadership
This is one crucial attribute that so many managers actually lack these days. Most
companies will promote those employees that have great individual results. The
problem is that a really good salesperson will rarely be a really good manager. The
true leader will always be able to inspire trust, delegate responsibility and provide
direction. We cannot have a leader without the manager being able to perfectly
perform these three tasks.
While leadership skills can be gained in time, the natively talented manager will
actually be able to gain all that he needs to be a true leader in a short period of
time. That is something that is a lot more important than what many believe at the
moment. Every single successful business manager out there is a leader that takes
the team he manages and makes it work better, faster and more effectively.
Communication
It is very important for the manager to have really strong communication skills. It is
not enough to show that you appreciate your employees. You need to properly
highlight what you want from them so that everything would go smooth. The
effective manager has to be able to properly decipher, understand and then relate
the vision of the organization to the employees so that productivity is maintained.
If communicators are ineffective, the employees will not actually understand what
the manager tells them. That can lead to so many different problems in the future.
The entire team would end up feeling bad since efficiency would be low. Such a
chain reaction can have a devastating effect on the profit of any company.
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