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Class notes

Intro to Psychology - Class notes

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This is the exam guide for midterm exam of Intro to Psychology course, chapters 1-4 covered entirely. All this content appears in the exam.

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  • October 29, 2024
  • 7
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
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  • Class 1 to 5
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Chapter 4 “States of Consciousness”

What is Consciousness?

● Consciousness is the awareness of self and environment, awareness of internal & external

motivations, and exists as a continuum.

What is sleep?

● Sleep is a natural and periodic state of unconsciousness. Physical activity is low during

sleep, and sensory awareness is reduced, unlike resting while awake. It's important to

note that being asleep differs from being "dead to the world."

Sleep and Wakefulness

Wakefulness

● High levels of sensory awareness, thought, & behavior

"Between the two extremes of sleep & wakefulness"

● Daydreaming, Intoxication, Meditative states, Hypnotic states, and Altered states

after sleep deprivation

Biological Rhythms

● Biological rhythms are the natural cycles of physiological and behavioral processes in

living organisms. Internal biological clocks drive these rhythms and can be influenced by

external factors like light, temperature, and social cues.

Biological rhythms: over varying periods, bodies fluctuate

• 24-hour biological clock

• 90-minute sleep cycle

Circadian rhythm

, • Internal biological clock of the 24-hour cycle of day and night (As morning approaches, body

temperature rises, peaks during the day, dips in the early afternoon, and begins to drop in the

evening. Alertness is associated with higher body temperature).

20 years old/ night owls Older adults/ morning larks

Circadian Rhythms

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): the brain’s clock mechanism located in the hypothalamus

● Neurons in retinas provide info to SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing the

internal clock to be synchronized w/the outside world

● Melatonin: a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Stimulated by darkness &

inhibited by light. Released by the pineal gland.

Disrupters of Sleep: People today sleep less than those who lived a century ago(many get less

than 7-8 hours). 31% get fewer than 6 hours a night—69% report insufficient sleep.

Electronics and Sleep

● Electronics emit blue light, which inhibits the release of melatonin, which leads to a

hard time falling asleep, less REM sleep, and waking up sleepier and less awake

Sleep Deprivation

● Has significant negative psychological & physiological consequences

Sleep Deprivation Effects




Sleep Deprivation Adequate Sleep

• Depression • Strengthens memory

• Relationship conflict • Increases concentration

• Obesity • Boosts mood

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