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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Questions and Answers (100% Pass)

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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Questions and Answers (100% Pass)

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  • October 29, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Which are cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease?


✓ Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms)




Which are a-cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease?


✓ Viruses and prions




Which groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic/prokaryotic?


✓ Eukaryotic: fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms)

✓ Prokaryotae: bacteria




Name major differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.


✓ Eukaryotic cell: True nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear,

complex structure, larger, (Plants and fungi have cell walls) Prokaryotic

cell: Nucleoid, cell wall, no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA,

flagellum




What order of magnitude is the size of a bacterium?




Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+

✓ 10^-6 or 1-10 micro meters




What is the structure and function of glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili?"


✓ Glycocalyces: polysaccharides, or polysaccharides mixed with proteins

✓ Flagella: protein

✓ Fimbriae: short proteins

✓ Pili: protein tubes




Which of these structures are known virulence factors?


✓ Glycocalyx/capsule




Which structures contribute to biofilm formation?


✓ Glycocalyx (slime layer), fimbrae




Name the various types of flagella arrangements that can be used to identify

bacteria.


✓ Monotrichous (one), amphitrichous (one on both ends), lophotrichous

(tuft), peritrichous (360 degrees)




Which stain makes glycocalyces/capsules visible in the microscope?



Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+

✓ Negative stain




How do spirochetes move?


✓ Corkscrew motion




Name the major components of a gram-positive/gram-negative cell wall.

What is the appearance of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria?


✓ Gram positive cell wall: Thick layer of peptidoglycan, containing

unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids. Gram stain appearance is

purple. Gram negative cell walls: Thin layer of peptidoglycan, with an

outer membrane containing proteins, and lippolysaccharides. Produce

endotoxins, and appear pink with the Gram stain. The endo toxin is a

lipid A molecule embedded in the outer membrane.




What are the structural features used for identification of bacteria?


✓ Arrangement of flagella, capsule, shape and arrangement of cells,

gram stain, endospores, inclusions, and specific stains




What is the clinical importance of the difference between gram-positive and

gram-negative bacteria?




Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+

✓ Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins (lipid A of

lipopolysaccharides), released when cells die. Some gram positive

(and a few gram negative bacteria) produce exotoxins, which are

released by living cells; some exotoxins cause very severe symptoms.

Gram positive bacteria are susceptible to lysozyme and antibiotics that

interfere with cell-wall biosynthesis, e.g. penicillin, while gram negative

b

✓ acteria are more resistant to lysozyme and penicillin and similar

antibiotics




For which types of bacteria is the acid-fast stain used? Why is it needed?


✓ Organisms with a cell wall that is rich in lipids and waxes. The two

general that are acid fast include Mycobacterium and nocardia. The

acid fast stain is used because the walls are relatively impermeable, so

heat is used to drive the stain into the cell wall. The impermeable wall

also makes these organisms resilient to disinfectants.




How are cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes different from those of

eukaryotes?


✓ There's no cholesterol in the prokaryotic (bacteria) membranes




Know the fundamental principles of metabolism (terminology, energy, redox)


Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update

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