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ECPI 2024: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 6, 12, 16 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ECPI 2024: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 6, 12, 16 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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ECPI 2024: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM2 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 6, 12, 16
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Thrombocytopenia: - Answer-- Abnormally low number of platelets
Uncontrolled activation of clotting factors resulting in widespread thrombi formation,
followed by depletion of coagulation factors and platelets leading to massive
haemorrhage
- Initiated by endothelial injury - Answer-Uncontrolled activation of clotting factors
resulting in widespread thrombi formation, followed by depletion of coagulation factors
and platelets leading to massive haemorrhage
- Initiated by endothelial injury
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Clinical Manifestations: - Answer-
Excessive haemorrhage:
- Bruising
- Petechia
- Epistaxis
Excessive clotting:
- Headache
- Weakness
- Seizures, coma
Renal:
- Poor urine output
- Renal failure
Respiratory:
- Cough
- Shortness of breath
- Respiratory distress
- Chest pain
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Diagnostic Criteria: -
Answer-History/physical exam
Lab testing:
- Prothrombin time (PT)
- Activated partial throboplastin time (aPTT)
- Platelet count
- Fibrinogen level
- D-dimer test (confirmatory)
, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Treatment: - Answer-- Correct underlying
cause
- Depends on presence of hemorrhage vs. throboses
- Careful balancing act with goal of proper coagulation
Hyperopia: - Answer-"Farsightedness"
- Is caused by the focusing of an image behind the retina, which alters the transmission
of light.
Myopia: - Answer-"Nearsightedness"
- Eye focuses an image in front of the retina due to lens thickness.
Retina Anatomy: - Answer-- Located over the posterior two-thirds of the eye
- Contains photoreceptor (receptor sensitive to light) cells called rods and cones.
- Rods produce a photopigment, rhodopsin, allowing vision in dim light.
- Opsin (a protein) and retinene (a vitamin A derivative) combine to form rhodopsin,
which breaks down when in contact with light, stimulating a nerve impulse.
- Even low levels of light promote the breakdown of rhodopsin, allowing night vision.
Huntington Disease Pathophysiology: - Answer-- Progressive degenerative neurologic
disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern: defect in Huntington gene on
chromosome 4
- Degeneration of the basal ganglia and cortical regions of brain: movement, emotional,
cognitive impairment
Huntington Disease Clinical Manifestations: - Answer-- Present in all with inherited
defective gene
- Involuntary movements: dyskinsea, chorea
- Cognitive impairment
- Emotional disturbance
Huntington Disease Diagnostic Criteria: - Answer-- Family/personal medical history
- Physical exam
- Mental, cognitive, emotional evaluation
- Genetic testing
- Blood testing (no one blood test)
- CT, MRI, PET scans
Huntington Disease Treatment: - Answer-- No cure
Pharmacologic:
- Drugs for movement and psychiatric disorders
Supportive care:
- Occupational, physical, speech therapies
- Nutrition management
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