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FNN301 - 2) Nutrition & Oncology - Final Exam Study Guide
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FNN301 - 2) Nutrition & Oncology - FinalExam Study Guide
What vitamin supplementation is NOT recommended for patients in Cancer remission
because it supports cell growth (including cancer cell growth)? - Answer VItamin C
_______ Canadians will be diagnosed with cancer in every 3 hours. - Answer 66
Cancer in Canada:
1. ____ in 5 Canadians will develop some form of cancer in their lifetime
2. T/F: Cancer is the leading cause of death
3. Cancer is the _____th most costly illness, costing $4.4 billion/year - Answer 1. 2 in 5
2. True
3. 7th most costly illness
Cancer by gender:
1. _____% probability in men, or 1 in ______.
2. _____% probability in women, or 1 in _______. - Answer 1. 45% probability in men, or 1
in *2.2*
2. 42% probability in women, or 1 in *2.4*
Cancer by gender:
1. List the top 3 forms of cancer for
a) men
b) women
2. Which additional type of cancer is also a worry and why? - Answer 1a) Prostate,
Colorectal, lung
1b) Breast, Lung, Colorectal
2. Pancreatic cancer- because its often not caught in time before metastasis occurs
1. Describe what Cancer is
2. How does the National Cancer Institute define cancer? - Answer 1.
- disorder of cell growth and regulation
,- abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues
2. a genetic disease that causes cells to divide abnormally and spread into surrounding
areas
What are the 3 common characteristics of all cancers? - Answer 1.
Unregulated/uncontrolled cell growth (cellular proliferation)
2. Tissue invasion
3. Metastasis
List 3 causes of cancer - Answer 1. Genetics
2. Error in cell division
3. Damaged DNA caused by environmental exposures
List 3 categories of environmental exposures that can damage DNA and lead to cancer -
Answer 1. Carcinogenic substances
2. Radiation
3. UV
6 nutritional risk factors involved in the etiology of cancer:
1. Heavy consumption of _____ ________
2. Food preparation methods such as ___________, __________, and __________ foods
3. _______-__________ cooking of meats
4. Intakes of total _______/ certain types of _______
5. Consumption of __________
6. _____________ - Answer 1. Heavy consumption of red meat
2. Food preparation methods such as smoking, salting, and pickling foods
3. High-temperature cooking of meats
4. Intakes of total fat/certain types of fat
5. Consumption of alcohol
6. Obesity
1. What is the top nutritional risk factor for colorectal cancer?
2. T/F: WHO classifies processed meats such as sausages/hotdogs, bacon, and salami
and "causing cancer" and classifies red meats such as pork, beef, and lamb as
,"probably causing cancer" - Answer 1. Red meat consumption
2. True
List 4 Nutritional Protective factors involved in the etiology of cancer - Answer 1. Fruits
and vegetables
2. Whole grains
3. Vitamin D
4. Exercise
T/F: People living further from the equator have a higher risk of developing some
cancers and multiple sclerosis due to decreased sun, and therefore vitamin D, exposure
- Answer True
How does the pathophysiology of cancer cells differ from that of normal cells? - Answer
Normal cells:
- grow and divide as the body needs and do not grow when the body does not need
- and if cell is damaged/old, it dies
Cancerous cells:
- new cells form when the body does not need it
- if cell is damaged/old, it doesn't die (no apoptosis) - it just continues to divide
- these abnormalities are what cause cancerous tumours
1. Describe cancer metastasis
2. List 3 typical routes for metastasis - Answer 1. As tumours grow, some cancers
"break off" and migrate/travel from the original site to other distant sites/areas of the
body and form new tumours
2. lymphatic system, circulatory system, and nearby body cavities
Metastasis:
1. The original cancer is considered the "____________ cancer", (e.g., colon cancer).
2. If pieces of this colon cancer travel through the blood and/or lymphatic system and
end up in the lungs and brain, what would this cancer be called? - Answer 1. primary
cancer
2. metastatic colon cancer
Diagnostic tests:
, 1. What are 3 examples of *screening methods* that may result in prompt cancer
investigation
2. List 3 types of cancer *investigation methods* (after screening) - Answer 1.
mammograms (breast cancer), self-exam, physician physical exam
2. Lab tests, imaging tests, biopsy
Examples of cancer investigation lab tests:
- high or low levels of certain substances that may indicate cancer
- blood, urine, or other bodily fluids (e.g., ________ test for prostate cancer)
- tumour markers: substances produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to
cancer (e.g., ___________, CA-______) from blood/tissue samples - Answer - high or low
levels of certain substances that may indicate cancer
- blood, urine, or other bodily fluids (e.g., stool test for prostate cancer)
- tumour markers: substances produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to
cancer (e.g., calcitonin, CA-125) from blood/tissue samples
T/F: The following imaging tests can be used to investigate cancer:
- CT scan
- MRI
- Nuclear scan
- Bone scan
- Ultrasound
- X-ray
- PET scan - Answer True
PET scan:
a) what does it stand for?
b) what is it?
c) what substances does it use?
d) how does it work? - Answer a) Position Emission Tomography scan
b) nuclear medicine imaging test
c) uses radioactive material attached to glucose
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