Public Administration Chapter 4 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Already Passed ( Rated 100%)
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Public Administration Chapter 4
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Public Administration Chapter 4
Public Administration Chapter 4 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Already Passed ( Rated 100%)
Balance sheet - Answers Using a balance sheet is a good way of visually representing the benefits and burdens of one course of action versus another. The balance sheet helps individuals to make more com...
Public Administration Chapter 4 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Already Passed ( Rated 100%)
Balance sheet - Answers Using a balance sheet is a good way of visually representing the benefits and
burdens of one course of action versus another. The balance sheet helps individuals to make more
comprehensive appraisals of competing courses of action, as decision makers are better able to think
about possible trade-offs, concentrate on the major differences between the choices, and think about
the degree of importance of each pro and con.
Bounded rationality - Answers Herbert Simon (1947/1997) was somewhat critical of the rational model
given his belief that people's cognitive limitations make it impossible to consider the full range of
decision-making alternatives and the information corresponding to each alternative. This concept is
known as bounded rationality. Decision makers are, therefore, limited to a few courses of action and
ultimately choose the one that is most satisfactory or "good enough." Simon terms this satisficing.
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) - Answers CBA is predicated on comparing the primary and secondary costs
of a program or policy, and comparing those costs to direct and indirect benefits. Both costs and
benefits are expressed in monetary terms. Typically, results are expressed in terms of a benefit-cost
ratio, which is equal to the benefits of a program divided by its costs. If the benefit-cost ratio is greater
than 1, it can be said that the benefits of a program outweigh its costs.
Decision-making alternatives - Answers Policy options, for example.
Elite theory - Answers Elite theory assumes that a select few are afforded the privilege of making
decisions. While the very nature of a democratic system presupposes that a wide range of individuals
will have a voice in the decision-making process, elite theory assumes otherwise.
Garbage can model - Answers According to the revised garbage can model, the decision-making process
can be understood in the context of three separate "streams" that operate independently: specifically,
the problem, political, and policy streams steer the decision-making process.
Groupthink - Answers Groupthink is a specialized form of conformity. It occurs only in highly cohesive
groups that operate in an environment where there is a feeling of security. The primary goal of this
particular decision-making group is to maintain its power and cohesiveness. Groupthink is characterized
by extreme conformity that gets in the way of any critical analysis. The circumstances under which
groupthink occurs tend to coincide with (1) directive leadership, (2) group homogeneity in terms of
ideals and background, and (3) isolation from outside influences.
Incrementalism - Answers The incremental decision-making model suggests that: (1) realistically, only a
few policy alternatives can be considered at one time, and (2) these policies do not differ radically from
existing policies. Change, therefore, occurs through decisions that have an incremental effect. The
incremental model is a more realistic approach to public decision-making, as it provides greater
flexibility in coping with time-sensitive policy problems
Participatory model - Answers Participatory decision-making assumes that a diverse group of individuals
(or individuals representing a diverse set of interests) will act in a consultative capacity. Typically, those
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