Exam (elaborations)
Practice for CT Boards Questions and Answers 2024
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Practice for CT Boards
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Practice for CT Boardsnormal body temperature - answer97.7 deg to 99.5 def F
pulse rate for adults - answer60-100 beats per min
pulse rate for children - answer70-120 beats per min
systolic blood pressure - answer pressure within arteries during cardiac contraction and
should be less than 120 mm Hg
diastolic pressure - answer measured during relaxation of heart and should be less than
80 mm Hg
normal respiration for adults - answer12 to 20 breaths per min
normal respiration for children - answer20-30 breaths per min
Explain the three stages of the cardiac cycle - answer1. Atrial systole: contraction of LA
and RA
-onset of P wave of ECG
2. Ventricular systole: contraction of LV and RV
-beginning of QRS complex on ECG
3. Complete cardiac diastole: period of relaxation after heart contraction
-corresponds to T wave on ECG
beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent purpose - answerreduce a patients heart rate
what is the optimal beats per minute rate for CT imaging - answer65
sublingual nitroglycerine purpose - answercause dilation of coronary vessels, improving
their visualization
normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - answer7-25 mg/dL
normal creatinine (Cr) - answer0.5-1.5 mg/dL
normal BUN/Cr ratio - answer6-22:1
normal GFR - answermen: 70 + or - 14 ml/min/m2
women: 60 +or- 10 ml/min/m2
normal prothrombin time (PT) - answermeasure of blood coagulation
,12-15 sec
normal partial thromboplastin time (PTT) - answerdetect abnormalities in blood clotting
25-35 sec
international normalized ration (INR) - answerstandardize PT results
0.8-1.2
normal platelet count - answer140,000-440,000 micoliter of blood
D-timer testing - answerutilized for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary
embolism
-may indicate recently degraded blood clots
coumadin - answeranticoagulant
-used to prevent formation of blood clots in veins and arteries
metformin - answerGlucophage
-treat type 2 diabetes.
-patients typically instructed not to take metformin up to 2 days following at contrast
enhanced CT
Drip infusion - answervolume of contrast agent is administered at a slow rate over a
long period
bolus injection - answerCM pushed into blood stream at a rapid rate over a short period
of time
power injectors flow rates - answerup to 5 to 6 mL/sec
flow rate for 22 gauge angiocatheters - answerup to 3 mL/sec
flow rate for 20 gauge angiocatheters - answerused when flow rate exceeds 3mL/sec
purpose of flushing the tubing with saline after CM injection - answer30-50ml
-allows for a reduction of contrast agent dose and helps eliminate the streaking
what to do if extravasation occurs? - answercatheter should be removed and pressure
applied to site with warm,moist compress
positive CM - answerradiopaque contrast media (RCM)
-iodine and barium
-water-soluble
-administered via bld stream, intrathecal space, joint space, or orally
,osmolality - answeragents propensity to cause fluid from outside the blood vessel to
move into the blood stream
Ionic contrast media - answer-salts
-high-osmolar contrast media
ex: iothalamate meglumine (conray) and diatrizoate sodium (hypaque)
non-ionic contrast media - answernon-salt
low-osmolar CM
ex: iohexol (omni), iopamidol (iso), and isoversol (optiray)
high or low osmolar CM are less likely to produce adverse side effects - answerLOW
Iso-osmolar CM - answersame osmolality as blood, improve pt comfort and reduce
potential for side effects
ex: iodizanol (visipaque)
Enteral RCM - answeradministered orally or rectally to highlight GI
-barium, seen 30-90 min
negative CM - answerair, gases, and water
what type of gas is used for CT colonography - answerCO2
neutral CM - answeradministered to opacify SI during CT enteroclysis and CT
enterogrpahy
-very low density barium sulfate (VoLumen)
serum iodine concentration - answermeasure of amount of iodine within blood stream
-for adequate opacification during CT 2 to 8 mg/mL
flow rate for injection into central venous catheters - answer2 mL/sec or below
intrathecal administration - answerCM injected directly into space surrounding spinal
cord
intra-articular administration - answerCM injected directly into joint space
what are the four Hs to be paid attention before a patient undergoes administration of
CM - answer1. hx
2. hydration
3. have equipment and expertise ready
4. heads up: constant assessment of pts condition
pre tx regim for pts with allergies to CM - answercombination of antihistamine and a
corticosteroid, taken at time intervals as early as 24 hrs before CM injection
, contraindications to IV CM - answerallergy to iodine
prior severe allergic reaction to CM
renal insufficiency/failure
nursing mothers and CM injection - answerinstructed to pump and discard breast milk
for 24 hrs after admin of CM to eliminate risk to infant
mild reactions to CM - answer-N/V
-mild urticaria (hives)
-warmth or flushing
-altered tase
-sweats/chills
-nasal stuffiness/sneezing
-anxiety
no tx
moderate reactions to CM - answer-mild bronchospasm
-moderate to severe urticaria
-vasovagal response
-tachycardia from hypotension
tx for moderate adverse reactions - answerbronchodilator inhaler for bronchospasm
diphenhydramine (benadryl) for urticaria
elevation of legs and IV fluids for hypotension
severe reactions to CM - answer-profound hypotension
-laryngeal edema
-severe bronchospasm
-pulmonary edema
-cardiac arrhythmia
-seizure
-cardiopulmonary arrest
-death
delayed reactions to CM - answer-urticaria
-pruritus (itchiness)
-N/V
-drowsiness
-headache
-fever/chills
what delayed reaction is the most common and occurs when? - answercutaneous, 3 hrs
to 7 days after CM injection
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