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AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 21. bonding pair: an electron pair found in the space between two atoms
2. nonbonding pairs: two paired valence electrons that tend not to participate ina chemical
bond
3. bond dipole: separation of electrical charge created when atoms with different
electronegativities form a covalent bond
4. hybrid orbitals: orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two ormore
orbitals on the same atom
5. hybridization: the mixing of several atomic orbitals to form the same totalnumber of
equivalent hybrid orbitals
6. sp hybridization: linear; bond angle: 180
a type of bonding where the 2s orbital mixes with only one of the three p-orbitalsresulting in
two sp orbitals and two remaining unchanged p orbitals
7. sp2 hybridization: 1. Trigonal planar structure
2. sp2 hybridization creates 3 identical orbitals of intermediate energy and lengthand leaves
one unhybridized p orbital
3. 3 effective pairs of electrons surround the carbon (double bond treatedas one effective pair)
30. sp3 hybridization: A type of hybridization that results from the combination ofthe s
orbital and all three p orbitals in the second energy level of carbon, resulting infour hybrid
orbitals and occurs when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms.The geometric
arrangement of those four hybrid orbitals is called tetrahedral.
31. sigma bond: a bond formed when two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular
orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting the two atomicnuclei
32. pi bond: a bond that is formed when parallel orbitals overlap to share electrons.
33. metallic solids: solids that have metal atoms occupying the crystal lattice andheld together
by metallic bonding
34. ionic solids: solids whose composite units are ions; they generally have highmelting
points
35. alloys: a mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is ametal
36. substitutional alloy: some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metalatoms of
similar sizes
37. interstitial alloy: a mixture formed when small atoms fill holes in a metalliccrystal
38. electron sea model: Proposes that all metal atoms in a metallic solid contributetheir valence
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