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AP CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW1. wavelength: The distance between crests of waves, such as those of theelectromagnetic
spectrum.
2. frequency: the number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time
3. Hertz: The SI unit of cycles per second
4. Electromagnetic radiation: radiation consisting of waves of energy associatedwith electric
and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
5. spectrum: colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism
6. atomic emission spectrum: the pattern formed when light passes through aprism or
diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
7. ground state: the lowest energy state of an atom
8. Photons: light quanta
9. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: it is impossible to know exactly both thevelocity and
the position of a particle at the same time
10. Periodic Law: when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomicnumber, there
is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
11. Metals: have a shiny or metallic luster, good conductors of heat and electricity
12. Nonmetals: elements that are usually dull in appearance, poor conductors ofheat and
electricity, gases at room temperature
13. Metalloid: an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of
nonmetals
14. Alkali Metals: Group 1, 1 electron in outer level, very reactive, soft, silver, shiny,low
density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
15. Alkali Earth Metals: Group 2, 2 electron in the outer energy level, very reactivebut less
reactive than alkali metals, silver, higher densities than alkali metals; Beryllium, Magnesium,
Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
16. Halogens: a nonmetal in group 7A of the periodic table
17. Noble gases: one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table(helium,neon,argon,
krypton, xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive
18. Representative Elements: groups of elements in the modern periodic table that are
designated with an A (1a through 8a) and possess a wide range of chemical and physical
properties
19. Transition Metal: An Element in group 3 through 12 of the periodic table
20. Inner Transition Metal: an element in the lanthanide or actinide series; thehighest
occupied s sublevel and nearby f sublevel of its atoms generally containelectrons; also called
, inner transition element
21. Atomic Radius: one-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of thesame
element when the atoms are joined
22. Cation: a positively charged ion
23. Anion: a negatively charged ion
24. ionization energy: the energy required to remove one electron from a neutralatom of an
element
25. Electronegativity: The ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom isin a
compound
26. Valence Electrons: the electrons that are in the highest energy level of an atomand that are
involved in chemical reactions
27. Octet Rule: States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquirea full set of
eight valence electrons
28. Halide Ions: the ions that are produced when atoms of chlorine and otherhalogens gain
electrons
29. Ionic Bonds: electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds
30. Chemical Formula: shows the elements in the compound and the ratio of atoms
31. Formula Unit: the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
32. Coordination Number: the number of ions of opposite charge that surroundeach ion in a
crystal
33. Metallic bonds: consist of the attraction of the free-floating valence electronsfor the
positively charged metal ions
34. Alloys: mixtures composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is ametal
35. Covalent Bond: a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of elec-trons
36. Molecule: two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
37. Diatomic Molecule: a molecule consisting of two atoms
38. molecular compound: a compound composed of molecules
39. molecular formula: a chemical formula of a molecular compound
40. single covalent bond: two atoms held together by sharing a pair of electrons
41. structural formula: represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows thearrangement of
covalently bonded atoms
42. mass: the amount of matter in an object
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