Exam (elaborations)
BIO 443 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
- Course
- BIO-443
- Institution
- University Of New Hampshire
BIO 443 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
BIO 443 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest
Update
Compare and Contrast : Embryology & Developmental Biology ANS✔✔
Embryology: a descriptive field, focuses on what happens
Developmental Biology: a mechanistic field, focuses on how and why things
happen
What are the 7 Questions of Developmental Biology? ANS✔✔ 1.
Differentiation: how do we get differentiated cells from original cells, how do
cells become specialized in structure and function.
2. Morphogenesis: (production of form) how do differentiated cells interact
to form tissues and organs, how can the cells our our bodies organize into
functional structures. "creation of ordered form"
3. Growth: how are the size and number of cells regulated, how do cells
know when to stop dividing?
4.Reproduction: gametes (sperm and egg) conundrum between them being
differentiated and not differentiated. They are not differentiated because all
of the genes are available for expression, how are these germ cells set
apart.
5. Regeneration: some organisms are able to regenerate whole body parts.
How does this occur and how is this regulated. eg. in humans stem cells can
be used to replace cells and tissues.
6. Environmental Integration: how the environment influences the
development of organisms, how development is tied into habitat. eg. sex of
reptiles determined by environmental temperature.
7. Evolution: developmental mechanisms are conserved in evolution, how
do changes in development occur that lead to new body forms that can be
selected for or against.
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Name 5 Fundamental Processes /Stages in the Life Cycle ANS✔✔ 1.
Fertilization: fusion of gametes (male and female each have half of normal
# of chromosomes. Main stage: zygote; from fertilization to hatching
organism is considered zygote.
2. Cleavage: rapid mitotic cell divisions, zygote cytoplasm is divided into
smaller cells called blastomeres. At the end of cleavage, the collections of
blastomeres are referred to as the blastula (or blastocyst in mammals)
3. Gastrulation: reorganization of cells in the embryo. Cells are organized
into 2 primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Another
outcome of gastrulation is the formation of the gut ( i.e. digestive tract)
4. Organogenesis: cell interaction that lead to rearrangement into tissues
and organs. Locations of these is determined by chemical signaling between
cells. Neurula : central nervous system.
SUBSTAGE: Metamorphosis: larva to adult, what organism undergoes to
become a sexually mature adult.
5. Gametogenesis: germ cells migrate to the gonads where they
differentiate into gametes.
Compare and Contrast Characteristica of the 3 Primary Germ Layers ANS✔✔
Ectoderm:(blue) produces nervous system and epidermis
Mesoderm: (red) produces muscles, skeleton, circulatory, urinary and
reproductive systems.
Endoderm: (yellow) produces digestive tract
Mesoderm and Endoderm: both contribute to lungs liver and pancreas
production.
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
What are the 3 different states of embryology (reproduction) ANS✔✔
oviparity: young hatch from egg
viviparity: live birth
ovoparity: egg hatches inside body (hybrid of two)
What are the 2 conflicting ideas of epigenesis? ANS✔✔ 1. Aristotle: "form
emerges gradually in development"
2. Preformationism: animals are preformed and existing in that preformed
state in one of the gametes. (obviously wrong)
Name the accomplishments of Carl Ernst Von Baer ANS✔✔ 1. Discovered
the notochord (which causes the central nervous system to develop)
2. Was one of the first to visualize a mammalian egg.
3. He described similarities between embryos of different species.
Name the accomplishments of Charles Darwin ANS✔✔ 1. Author of the
Origin of Species
2. Described that organisms with similar embryonic structures can be used
to determine evolutionary relationships.
3. Said evolution is "decent with modification"
What are the 2 points of view when discussing decent with modification and
evolution? How do they differ? ANS✔✔ 1. Common descent: embryonic
similarities can help determine evolutionary relationships.
2. Modifications: how development has been altered to produce structures
that allow animals to adapt to particular conditions.
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