1. What is Pathophysiology
Answer
is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causingdisorder
and disease process of the human body.
2. What 4 things does pathophysiology include?
Answer
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
3. What is etiology
Answer
study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown
origin or cause.
4. What is pathogenesis?
Answer
development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as
time occurs.
5. What are clinical manifestations?
Answer
Signs and symptoms of disorder.
6. What are treatment implications?
Answer
Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
7. What are signs?
Answer
Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
,8. What are symptoms?
Answer
Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
9. What is objective data
Answer
What you observe and can measure.
10. What are examples of objective data?
Answer
rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
11. What is subjective data?
Answer
What the patient may report to you
12. What are examples of subjective data?
Answer
pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
13. What is epidemiology?
Answer
study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of
diseases in people.
14. What are the levels of disease prevention?
Answer
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
15. Explain Primary Prevention
Answer
"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
16. Examples of Primary Prevention
,Answer
Vaccinations and Handwashing
17. Explain Secondary Prevention
Answer
"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early
before it spreads
18. Examples of Secondary Prevention
Answer
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
19. Explain Tertiary Prevention
Answer
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has
the condition
20. Examples ofTertiary Prevention
Answer
Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent
pressure ulcers.
21. What is homeostasis?
Answer
a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most
optimal in functioning. Stable.
22. What is allostasis?
Answer
ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve
homeostasis. Example
Answer
sweating to lower ones body temp.
23. Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
, Answer
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
24. Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
Answer
Where the sympathet- ic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are
activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be
redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
25. Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
Answer
the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body
to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
26. Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
Answer
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer
return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
27. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome?
Answer
disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxi- ety, depression, headaches, insomnia,
infection, and heart disease.
28. Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
Answer
Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cat- echolamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
29. Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
Answer
acti- vates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
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