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NUR 2063 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 2 | GRADED A+ | PASSED | NEW FULL EXAM ACTUAL
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NUR 2063 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 2 | GRADED A+ | PASSED | NEW FULL EXAM ACTUAL
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NUR 2063 Exam 21. Homeostasis
•state of equilibrium or balance within and organism
• Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in
constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body
2. fluid volume deficit
•Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly wa- ter) are insufficient to meet the
body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration
• Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea
3. Fluid Volume Excess
•Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost
• Third spacing
significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not exchange easily
among other ECFs
Types
Edema, Water intoxication
4. Eukaryote
•is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus
5. Mitochondria
,•Have own DNA and ribosomes
• Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
6. what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases
•renin is released from the kidneys and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it
to angiotensin I.
7. What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hor- mone (ADH),
and natriuretic peptides
Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
8. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) also assist in
•maintain- ing blood pressure and intravascular fluid status
9. What happens when renin converts angiotensinogen (from the liver), con- verting into
angiotensin I
•Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-converting
enzymes
10. what is the role of Angiotensin II
•is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimu- lates the release of aldosterone
11. What produces Aldosterone
Hyopthalamus
12. What releases Aldosterone and why
,The adrenal cortex releases and releas- es in response to changes in blood osmolality
13. What is the role of Aldosterone
promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the kidneys, restoring blood volume
directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys
14. What may cause Fluid volume deficient
•hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea).
15. What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient
thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to auscultation, tachycardic.
16. What may cause fluid volume excess
•heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
17. What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE)
• crackles in the lungs, hypertension, bounding pulses.
18. Where is the highest loss of daily fluids
in the urinary tract
19. Osmosis
•process which water travels through a selectively permeable mem- brane so the concentrations
of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of the membrane. (ex.
, movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular compartments).
20. what type of movement is osmosis
Through osmosis water passively moves from an area of lower particle concentration to an area
of higher particle concentra- tion.
21. Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body
•exists predominately in the intracellular fluid whereas sodium and chloride exists
predominately in extracellular fluid.
22. hypokalemia
When potassium levels in the body is less than 3.5 mEq/L
23. hyperkalemia
When potassium levels in the body is greater than 5 mEq/L
24. Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause
cardiac arrhythmias
25. Hypocalcemia
When calcium level is below 8.5 mg/dL
26. Hypocalcemia can result in
• positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the patient's eye and mouth when the facial
nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign (spasm of the and hand and wrist [sign of
tetany]).
27. Hyponatremia
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