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SPCE 611: Exam 1 Questions With 100% Verified Answers
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SPCE 611: Exam 1 Questions With 100% Verified Answers
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SPCE 611: Exam 1 Questions With 100%Verified Answers
Selection by consequences - k k k
correct answer...✔✔causal mode found only in living things, or in machines made by living
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things. It was first recognized in natural selection, but it also accounts for the shaping and m
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aintenance of the behavior of the individual and the evolution of cultures.
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Skinner proposes that the story presumably began.... - correct answer...✔✔
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Not with a big bang, but when a molecule came into existence which had the power to repro
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duce itself. k k
*Then the selection by consequences made its appearance as the causal mode.
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Reproduction - correct answer...✔✔ k k k
Was itself a first consequence, and it led, through natural selection, to the evolution of cells,
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organs, and organisms which produced themselves under increasingly diverse conditions.
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Behavior - correct answer...✔✔ k k k
Evolved as a set of functions furthering the interchange between organism and environmen
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t. k
*in a fairly stable world it could be as much a part of the genetic endowment of a species as
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digestion, respiration, or any other biological function.
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Behavior functioned well under conditions fairly similar to which it was selected. Reproducti
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on under a much wider range of conditions became possible with the evolution of two proce
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sses: - correct answer...✔✔
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Respondent (Pavlovian conditioning) and operant conditioning. k k k k k
Respondent (Pavlovian) conditioning - correct answer...✔✔ k k k k k
Responses prepared in advance by natural selection could come under the control of new s
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timuli. k
Ex. A particular species does not have eyes in order that its members may see better; it has
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them because certain members, undergoing variation, were able to see better and hence w
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ere more likely to transmit the variation.
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Operant conditioning - correct answer...✔✔
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New responses could be strengthened (reinforced) by events which immediately follow the
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m. k
*A second kind of selection by consequences. It must have evolved in parallel with two othe
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r products of the same contingencies of natural selection.
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AGARDESOLUTIONS k
,*The only type of selection that occurs at a speed in which it can be observed from moment t
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o moment.
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Most operants are selected from behavior... - correct answer...✔✔
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which has little or no relation to such stimuli.
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When selecting consequences are the same... - correct answer...✔✔
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Operant conditioning and natural selection work together redundantly.
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Ex. The behavior of a duckling in following its mother is the produce of not only natural selec
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tion but also of an evolved susceptibility to reinforcement by proximity to such an object.
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Example of behaviors studied by ethologists include - correct answer...✔✔
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Courtship, mating, intraspecific aggression, defense of territory, etc.
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*they study social behaviors
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Innate social repertoires are supplemented by... - correct answer...✔✔Imitation
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The evolution of social environments or cultures - correct answer...✔✔
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Verbal behavior greatly increased the importance of this third kind of selection.
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The process presumably begins at the level of the individual. A culture evolves when practi
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ces originating in this way contribute to the success of the practicing group in solving its pro
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blems.
What is responsible for the evolution of culture? - correct answer...✔✔
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The effect on the group (not the reinforcing consequences for individual members)
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Human behavior is a joint product of: - correct answer...✔✔
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(i) the contingencies of survival responsible for the natural selection of the species, (ii) the c
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ontingencies of reinforcement responsible for the repertoires required acquired by its mem
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bers, (iii) including the special contingencies maintained by an evolved social environment.
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*Ultimately it is a matter of natural selection, since operant conditioning is an evolved proce
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ss, of which cultural practices are special applications.
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Each of the three levels of variation and selection has its own discipline: - correct answer...
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✔✔First-Biology
Second-Psychology
Third-Anthropology
Selection pressure - correct answer...✔✔ k k k k
This appears to convert selection into something that forces a change.
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AGARDESOLUTIONS k
,Ex. Contingencies of selection lie in the past; they are not acting when their effect is observ
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ed. To provide a current cause it has been assumed that they are stored (used as informatio
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n) and later retrieved.
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*examples of this are growth and storage k k k k k k
The role of selection by consequences has been particularly resisted because... -
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correct answer...✔✔
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There is no place for the initiating agent suggested by classical mechanics.
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An initiating agent can be identified by saying... - correct answer...✔✔
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(i) That a species adapts to an environment, rather than the environment selects the adapti
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ve traits.
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(ii) That an individual adjusts to a situation, rather than that the situation shapes and maintai
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ns adjusted behavior.
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(iii) That a group of people solve a problem raised by certain circumstances, rather than that
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the circumstances select the cultural practices that yield a solution.
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The three personae of psychoanalytic theory (Freud) - correct answer...✔✔
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In many ways this theory is close to the three levels of selection theory.
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-
the id doe snot adequately represent the enormous contribution of the natural history of the
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species.
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the superego does not adequately represent the contribution of the social environment to l
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anguage, self-knowledge, and intellectual and ethical self-management.
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-
the ego is a poor likeness of the personal repertoire acquired under the practical contingen
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cies of daily life. k k k
John B Watson - correct answer...✔✔
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Widely recognized as the spokesman for a new direction in the field of psychology around 1
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913 in his influential article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It." He argued that the pro
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per subject matter was not states of mind or mental processes but observable behavior.
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Published the Behavioral Manifesto. k k k
-Was criticized heavily for having a behaviorist viewpoint.
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BF Skinner - correct answer...✔✔
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His most powerful and fundamental contribution to our understanding of behavior was his d
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iscovery of experimental analyses of the effects of consequences on behavior.
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Coined the operant three-term contingency.
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Invented the operant chamber (Skinner Box) to investigate different types of reinforcement
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schedules in the 1930's. k k k k
AGARDESOLUTIONS k
, *His writings have been the most influential in both guiding the practice of the science of be
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havior and in proposing the application of the principles of behavior to new areas.
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Published "Waldon Two" in 1948. k k k k
Published "Science and Human Behavior" in 1953. k k k k k k k
Published "About Behaviorism" in 1974. k k k k
Radical Behaviorism - correct answer...✔✔ k k k k
Changed the behavior paradigm from "thoughts don't occur" to making room for emotion, fe
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eling, and thoughts. k k
By incorporating private events into an overall conceptual system of behavior, Skinner crea
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ted this. k k
It represents a dramatic departure from other conceptual systems in calling for the most dra
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stic change ever proposed in our way of thinking about man.
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Ivar Lovvas - correct answer...✔✔
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Was curious about changing the trajectory of young children with autism using a behavioris
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t standpoint.
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Published book stating you could change the trajectory in a meaningful way.
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Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) - correct answer...✔✔
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Came out in 1968 and was the first journal in the US to deal with applied problems that gave
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researchers using methodology from the experimental analysis of behavior an outlet for pu
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blishing their findings. k k k
Many early articles published in this became model demonstrations of how to conduct and i
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nterpret ABA, which in turn led to improved applications and experimental methodology.
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Association for Behavior Analysis - correct answer...✔✔Founded in the 1970s.
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Iwata and colleagues - correct answer...✔✔
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First to write about functional analysis as we know it today.
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Applied Behavioral Analysis - correct answer...✔✔
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A science devoted to understanding and improving human behavior. It focuses on behavior
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s of social importance, and involves intervening with research-
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based strategies and tactics to improve target behaviors.
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Description, Measurement, and Experimentation - correct answer...✔✔ k k k k k k
Scientific methods used in ABA to demonstrate reliable relations between interventions an
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d the behavioral improvements.
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Science - correct answer...✔✔ k k k
A systematic approach to understanding natural phenomena--
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AGARDESOLUTIONS k
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