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ILE 2 Final Exam Study Guide with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
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ILE 2 Final Exam Study Guide with 100% CorrectAnswers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
What data types are possible for the outcome variable in a linear regression model -
✔✔Continuous (NOT categorical or Nominal)
Which of the following regression techniques is used to relate several risk factors or exposures,
considered simultaneously, to survival time? - ✔✔Cox proportional hazards analysis
In survival analysis, which of the following measures of effect describes the risk of suffering
the event of interest (given that the participant has survived up to a specific time) in one group
compared to the risk in the second group? - ✔✔Hazard Ratio
In survival analysis, the probability that a person survives past a certain time point is
best known as which of the following? - ✔✔Survival Function
What is time-to-event variables? - ✔✔A variable that reflects both time &
outcome components
What best describes a limitation of using mean survival time to evaluate survival? -
✔✔Mean survival changes over time until all the subjects have died
What is most often used to test the null hypothesis of no difference in survival curves between
two or more independent groups? - ✔✔Log Rank
,What Term re-estimates the survival probability each time an event occurs? - ✔✔Kaplan-Meyer
product time method for calculating a life table
Why is mean survival time not a good measure of central tendency in a survival analysis? -
✔✔Mean survival time changes over time until all subjects have died
Prevalence - ✔✔The proportion of people who have a given disease or condition at a
specified point in time (not truly a rate--sometimes called prevalence rate)
Incidence - ✔✔A rate giving the proportion of people who develop a given disease or
condition within a specified period of time (New)
Experimental Event Rate (EER) - ✔✔A/A+B
Control Event Rate (CER) - ✔✔c/(c+d)
Absolute Risk Reduction - ✔✔EER - CER (absolute value)
Number needed to Treat - ✔✔1/absolute risk reduction
The number of patients that need to be treated with a proposed therapy in order to cure
or prevent an outcome in 1 individual
Number needed to harm - ✔✔The number of patients that needs to be treated with a
proposed therapy in order to cause one undesireable outcome
Relative Risk Reduction - ✔✔ARR/CER
Relative Risk - ✔✔EER/CER
,Odds Ratio - ✔✔AxD/BxC
You can ONLY use odds ratio in a _________ study - ✔✔Case-Control
After Conducting a case-control study, you want to evaluate the results numerically by
comparing risk of exposure of the cases to the risk of exposure in the controls. Which of
the following is the most appropriate measure for this comparison? - ✔✔Odds ratio
Which term best describes the ability of a test to detect the condition it is testing for: the
probability of a positive test result in patients who have the condition? - ✔✔Sensitivity
A sinus infection was treated with a new antibiotic. One out of every eight suffered side effects
of the medication. Which of the following describes this situation? - ✔✔Number needed to
Harm
A county in the US with a population of 500,000 had 20 new cases of Tb in 2020. This translates
to 4 cases per 100,000 persons. What is this term called? - ✔✔Incidence Rate
Fora patient undergoing medical testing, which of the following gives the percentage of
patients with a positive test who actually have the disease (aka a posterior probability) -
✔✔Positive Predictive Value
The ability of a test to correctly classify an individual as disease free is also known as the
true negative fraction. What is the appropriate term for this situation? - ✔✔Specificity
COPD is one of the leading causes of death globally 20% of adults smoke. What is the term
that represents the 20%? - ✔✔Prevalence
, An absolute risk reduction provides an assessment between risk in control and risk in the
experimental groups. For example, COPD prevalence is 14.1% among current smokers, 7.1%
among former smokers. The absolute risk reduction is 7%. (True or False) - ✔✔True
The relative risk of developing COPD in elderly individuals who smoke 3.51 compared to
never smokers. What is the most accurate interpretation of this information? - ✔✔Individuals
who smoke are 3.51 times as likely to develop COPD than individuals who do not smoke
Internal Validity - ✔✔The degree to which the investigator draws the correct conclusions
about what actually happened in the study
External Validity - ✔✔the degree to which the conclusions from a study can be
appropriately applied to people and events outside the study
Random Error - ✔✔a wrong result due to chance—sources of variation that are equally likely to
distort measurements from the study in either direction (increase the precision of the
estimate--use a larger sample size)
Systematic Error ( - ✔✔a wrong result due to bias—sources of variation that distort the
study findings in one direction (Improve the accuracy of the estimate--change study design)
Efficacy - ✔✔The performance of a therapy under controlled study (in clinical trial or other)
Effectiveness - ✔✔performance of a therapy in "real-world" conditions
What term describes the proportion of a population with a particular disease or condition at
a defined time point? - ✔✔Prevalence
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