Exam (elaborations)
IB 150 Midterm 1 With Complete Solutions Latest Update
- Course
- IB 150
- Institution
- University Of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign
IB 150 Midterm 1 With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
IB 150 Midterm 1 With Complete Solutions
Latest Update
What is life
-Ability to reproduce
-Bodily systems are working (organs are actively doing things)
-Reacting to stimuli
properties of living organisms
-Grow and reproduce
-React to environment
-Maintain highly ordered internal states via homeostasis
-Evolve
metabolic pathways
- Begins with a specific molecule, that's then altered in a series of defined
steps, resulting in a certain product. Can have more than one starting
molecule and/or product.
- Each step of the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
cellular respiration
catabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex
molecules into simpler compounds.
anabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules
from simpler ones.
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
- Energy released from reactions of catabolic pathways can be stored and
used to drive reactions of anabolic pathways.
Kinetic energy
The relative motion of objects. Can perform work by imparting motion to
other matter.
Thermal energy
Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or
molecules. Heat is thermal energy in transfer from one object to another.
potential energy
An object that is not presently moving (not kinetic). Energy that matter
possesses because of its location or structure. Molecules possess energy
because of the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms.
chemical energy
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. Biochemical
pathways enable cells to release chemical energy from food molecules and
use the energy to power life processes.
1st law of thermodynamics
- The energy of the universe is constant: Energy can be transferred and
transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. (energy cannot be
created or destroyed, just moved from one to the other or transformed from
one form to another)
- Also known as the principle of conservation of energy.
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the
universe. Order can increase locally, but there's an unstoppable trend
toward randomization of the universe as a whole.
entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness.
loss of usable energy
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
- Some energy becomes unavailable to do work during every energy
transfer or transformation. More usable forms of energy are typically at
least partly converted to thermal energy and released as heat, which
dissipates rapidly into the surroundings.
- The loss of usable energy as heat to the surroundings means that every
energy transfer or transformation makes the universe more disordered.
Scientists use a quantity called entropy as a measure of disorder, or
randomness. The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the
greater its entropy.
what form is energy usually in
In most ecosystems, energy enters in the form of light and exits in the form
of heat.
how do organisms change entropy of environment
- Organisms increase the entropy of their surroundings. They both create
ordered structures from less organized starting materials and take in
organized forms of matter and energy and replace them with less ordered
forms.
spontaneous process
if a given process, by itself, leads to an increase in entropy, that process can
proceed without requiring an input of energy; the process is energetically
favorable. Some may be spontaneous (e.g. an explosion) or much slower
(e.g. rusting).
non-spontaneous process
a process that, considered on its own, leads to a decrease in entropy; it'll
only happen if energy is supplied. Since some heat is lost in non
spontaneous reactions as well, the process leads to an increase in entropy
in the universe as a whole.
free energy change
- Gibbs free energy system (without considering its surroundings),
symbolized by the letter G. This is referred to as free energy. ΔG represents
the change in free energy.
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