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After writing these detailed AP Human Geography notes, I got a 5 on 2024 AP human geo exam! My friend, who self-studied using this package a month before the test, also scored a 5! Plus, I proudly earned an A+ in the course! We crushed it together! $18.49
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After writing these detailed AP Human Geography notes, I got a 5 on 2024 AP human geo exam! My friend, who self-studied using this package a month before the test, also scored a 5! Plus, I proudly earned an A+ in the course! We crushed it together!
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Course
AP Human Geography
Institution
Hey everyone! I put together this awesome AP Human Geography note package that covers everything from Units 1 to 6. I even included some recommended study question links to help you out! Every concept on the AP exam is in there, so you’ve got everything you need to get that 5! I spent over 100 h...
Introduction
● geography: study of where things are found on earth & the reasons for these locations
○ identify the location of important places
○ explain why one human activity is found near another
○ ask where & why
○ organize material spatially (by space)
○ recognize that one action on a point on Earth can lead to another action on another
point
● human geography: would focus on culture (why major languages, religions, ethnicities are
found where they are) & economy (how economic activities, such as agriculture,
manufacturing, and services are distributed across Earth)
● place: specific point on earth
○ Panama City
● region: an area defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
○ South America
● scale: relationship between the portion of Earth being studied & Earth as a whole
○ global: climate change & depletion of resources
○ local: preservation of distinctive cultural & economic activities
● space: physical gap/ interval between 2 objects (objects can be evenly distributed)
● connection: relationship between people & objects across space
Cartography (science of mapmaking)
● maps: 2 dimensional/ flat-scaled model of Earth’s surface, or a portion of it; can be used as:
○ reference tool: used to find the shortest route between two places/ avoid getting lost/
help us find a location, usually in a relationship to a place we already know
■ road map; map in atlas
○ communicative tool: used to depict the distribution of human activities or physical
features
Geography in the Ancient World
● earliest surviving map: town of Catalhoyuk, Turkey
● Thales of Miletus: used geometry to measure land area
● Anaximander: student of Thales; made world map using sailors’ information; argued world
was shaped like cylinder
● Pythagoras: first to propose spherical world (most perfect world)
● Hecataeus: wrote 1st geo book: Periodos Ges
● Aristotle: first to prove earth was spherical
● Eratosthenes: invented word “geography”; accepted Earth was round & calculated its
circumference; divided Earth into 5 climatic zones; described known world in early geo book
, ● Strabo: described known world in 17-volume book Geographica
● Ptolemy: wrote eight-volume Geographic; codified mapmaking principles; drew a lot of maps
Geography’s Revival
● Ptolemey → maps not improved in Europe for 1000 years: Earth as flat disk
● Yu Gong: written by anonymous; described economic resources of China’s different provinces
○ Shujing: its chapter; considered 1/5 classics of ancient Chinese literature
● Pei Xiu: father of Chinese cartography; drew elaborate map of China
● Muhammad al-Idrisi: Arab geographer; traveled through SW Asia & N Africa; improved
Ptolemey’s map
● Ibn Battuta: Moroccan scholar; wrote Rihla on his travel through N Africa, S Europe, & Asia
Age of Exploration Cartography
● Martin Waldseemuller: drew first map to label New World as America
● Abraham Ortelius: created 1st modern atlas; 1st to hypothesize continents were once joined
before drifting apart
● Bernhardus Varenius: wrote Geographic Generalis: standard treatise on systematic geo for 1
century
Contemporary Geographic Tools
● GIScience: geographic information science → analysis of data acquired through satellite &
other aerial technologies
○ GIS (geographic information system): captures, stores, displays geographic data;
produces maps that are accurate; some of its data comes from photos
○ photogrammetry: science of taking measurements of Earth’s surface from
photographs
○ remote sensing: acquires data about Earth’s surface through a satellite orbiting Earth/
other long-distance methods
○ helps geographers create more complex & accurate maps/ measure changes over time
→ determine whether relationships between objects on a map are significant, or
coincidental
● GPS: Global Positioning System
○ determines the precise position of something on Earth
○ made possible by 2 dozen satellites placed in predetermined orbits, series of tracking
stations to monitor & control them, receivers that compute position, velocity, time
from satellite signals
○ used for navigation/ ex: used by pilots of ships & aircrafts
■ GPS detects a vehicle’s current position →
■ motorist programs the desired destination into the GPS device →
■ device provides instructions on how to reach the destination
○ geotagging: identifying & storing photographs and other pieces of information by
their precise latitude & longitude
● VGI: Volunteered geographic information
○ creation of geographic data contributed voluntarily by individuals
○ part of citizen science: scientific research by amateur scientists
○ part of PGIS: participatory GIS, or community-based mapping
, ○ mashup: map that overlays the data from one source with that provided by a mapping
service, such as Google Maps
■ enabled by API: application programming interface: language that links a
database to a mapping software
Mapmaking
● to make a map, a geographer must decide:
1. how much of Earth’s surface to depict (map scale)
2. how to transfer a spherical Earth to a flat map projection)
● map scale:
○ making the map of an entire world → many details would be omitted
○ mapping a small portion of earth → a wealth of details could be included
○ can be expressed in:
a. ratio (1: 1000) → 1 unit on a map represents 1000 units in reality
b. written (1 centimeter equals 10 kilometers)
c. graphic
● projection (scientific method of transferring locations on Earth to a flat map):
○ Earth is nearly a sphere/ most accurately represented by a globe; yet, the globe is not
convenient
○ most common distortions:
■ shape: area can become more elongated or squat
■ distance: distance between two points increase/ decrease
■ relative size: one area appears larger than another one on the map
■ direction: direction from one place to another is distorted
Winkel Projection Goode Homolosine Projection
shape: minimized distortion separates E & W hemispheres into 2 pieces/
● more distorted toward the poles/ ex: known as interruption/ meridians do not form
North & South Poles, Greenland, right angles with the parallels
others: gives more space to landmasses
, Australia: sparsely populated → less
important
relative size: minimized
others: allocate a lot more space to oceans than
most other projections
Mercator Projection Gall-Peters Projection
shape: minimized distortion shape: distorted
relative size: greatly distorted toward the poles relative size: minimized distortion
direction: consistent
others: map is rectangular
Longitude & Latitude
● longitude
○ meridian: arc connecting N & S Poles
○ prime meridian: 0° longitude; the arc on the opposite side of the globe: 180°
longitude
○ all other meridians are 0° to 180° east or west
● Telling Time from Longitude
○ every 15 degrees you travel east, 1 hour later
○ every 15 degrees west, 1 hour earlier
○ step one: identify the coordinates of the two locations to calculate their time zone
differences
○ Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) aka Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
● latitude
○ parallel: circle drawn around the globe/ parallel to the equator/ at right angles with the
meridians
○ equator: 0° latitude
○ North Pole: 90° N; South Pole: 90° S
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