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Test Bank For Gould-s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions 7th Edition by VanMeter
Test Bank For Gould-s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions 7th Edition by VanMeter
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1Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
VanMeter and Hubert: Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an
iatrogenic disease?
a. An inherited disorder
b. A combination of specific etiological factors
c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
d. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
ANS: C
2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the
a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.
b. signs and symptoms of a disease.
c. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
d. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.
ANS: B
3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the
a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
b. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.
d. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
ANS: C
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts and
obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to
report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations
face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.-
**Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax
planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and
losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions.
Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the
shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax
purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation,
determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward.
Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax
liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and
professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax
CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work
Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1
4. Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
a. Swelling of the knee
b. Fever
c. Pain in the neck
d. Red rash on the face
ANS: B
5. Etiology is defined as the study of the
a. causes of a disease.
b. course of a disease.
c. expected complications of a disease.
d. manifestations of a disease.
ANS: A
6. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as
a. hypertrophy.
b. metaplasia.
c. anaplasia.
d. atrophy.
, 2
ANS: D
7. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic
figures would be called
a. metaplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.
ANS: C
8. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called
a. apoptosis.
b. ischemia.
c. hypertrophy.
d. necrosis.
ANS: B
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts and
obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report
partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double
taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability
Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax
Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the
owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-
employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid
double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as
partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual
Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when
incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions
for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and
entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes
owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business
Entity Taxation#### 1
9. When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called
a. ischemia.
b. gangrene.
c. hypoxia.
d. necrosis.
ANS: D
10. Rigorous weightlifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells
undergoing
a. hypertrophy.
b. dysplasia.
c. atrophy.
d. regeneration.
ANS: A
11. The term cancer refers to
a. dysplasia.
b. hyperplasia.
c. metaplasia.
d. malignant neoplasm.
ANS: D
12. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
b. Ischemic damage to cells
c. Liquefaction of necrotic tissue
d. Preprogrammed cell self-destruction
ANS: D
, 3
13. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Alteration of DNA does not change cell function.
b. Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves.
c. All types of cells die at the same rate.
d. Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death.
ANS: B
14. Caseation necrosis refers to an area where
a. cell proteins have been denatured.
b. cells are liquefied by enzymes.
c. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance.
d. bacterial invasion has occurred.
ANS: C
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts and
obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report
partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double
taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability
Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax
Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the
owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-
employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid
double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as
partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual
Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when
incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions
for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and
entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes
owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business
Entity Taxation#### 1
15. Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of
a. an iatrogenic cause of cancer.
b. a preventive measure.
c. a precipitating factor.
d. a predisposing condition.
ANS: B
16. A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed
a. latent stage.
b. predisposing factor.
c. incidence.
d. precipitating factor.
ANS: D
17. The term homeostasis refers to
a. the causative factors in a particular disease.
b. maintenance of a stable internal environment.
c. a condition that triggers an acute episode.
d. a collection of signs and symptoms.
ANS: B
18. Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the
original disease has been established?
a. Symptoms
b. Occurrence
c. Manifestations
d. Complication
ANS: D
19. Pathophysiology involves the study of
a. the structure of the human body.
b. the functions of various organs in the body.
, 4
c. functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes.
d. various cell structures and related functions.
ANS: C
20. Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?
a. The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
b. The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
c. Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
d. The global search for emerging diseases
ANS: A
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single
individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals,
partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.-
**Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on
the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole
proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual
tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also
subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but
there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a
corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash
accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2.
DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include
rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits
directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from
certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership structure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations
and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts and obligations.-
**Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive
Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level
when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations.
An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning.- **Sole Proprietorships**: -
Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns,
allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder
level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as
partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can
choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can
complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for
the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax
planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax
Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1
21. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?
1. Hypoxia
2. Exposure to excessive cold
3. Excessive pressure on a tissue
4. Chemical toxins
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
c. 1, 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
ANS: D
22. All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:
a. Follow cancer screening guidelines.
b. Use sun block agents whenever exposed.
c. Participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis.
d. Choose high fiber, lower fat foods.
ANS: C
23. The term disease refers to
a. the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state.
b. a deviation from the normal state of health and function.
c. the treatment measures used to promote recovery.
d. a basic collection of signs and symptoms.
ANS: B
24. A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that
usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a(an)
a. acute disease.
b. multiorgan disorder.
c. syndrome.
d. manifestation.
ANS: C
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