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NR547 Final Exam questions and answers rated A+ 2025/2026
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NR547 Final ExamMedications for despair
SSRIs
SNRIs
SDRIs
TCAs
MAOIs
SSRIs
-Action: inhibit five-HT reuptake
-Examples: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline
-Adverse effects:
• nausea
• agitation
• diarrhea
• headache
• weight gain
• sexual side consequences
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SNRIs
-inhibit 5-HT reuptake
-inhibit NE reuptake (↑ electricity, recognition)
-increase DA in prefrontal cortex (↑ cognition)
-Examples: desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, venlafaxine
-Adverse outcomes:
,• multiplied blood strain
• nausea
• sweating
• tremors
• anxiety
• insomnia
• constipation
• anorexia
• sexual dysfunction
SDRIs
-inhibit DA reuptake (↑alertness, motivation)
-inhibit NE reuptake (↑power)
-Adverse results:
• agitation
• headache
• dry mouth
• constipation
• weight reduction
TCAs
-Action: inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine; blocks norepinephrine, histamine,
and acetylcholine receptors
-Examples: amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin
-Common Side Effects:
• dry mouth
• constipation
• blurred imaginative and prescient
• urinary retention
• sedation
• weight advantage
• hypotension
• tachycardia
• sexual dysfunction
MAOIs
-Action: increases norepinephrine and serotonin by using inhibiting the enzyme that inactivates
it
-Examples: isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine
-Common Side Effects:
• sedation
,• dizziness
• sexual disorder
• hypertensive crisis
Prescribing pearls: citalopram (Celexa)
mild antihistamine effects
Prescribing pearls: escitalopram (Lexapro)
no recognised drug interactions
Prescribing pearls: fluoxetine (Prozac)
longest half of-lifestyles
Prescribing pearls: paroxetine (Paxil)
also treats social tension and insomnia
Prescribing pearls: fluvoxamine (Luvox)
treats anxious depression smokers require extended dose
Prescribing pearls: sertraline (Zoloft)
also treats social anxiety and hypersomnolence
Prescribing pearls: bupropion (Wellbutrin)
NDRI may enhance power, alertness, and motivation; now not first line remedy for anxiety;
contraindicated in clients with a history of seizures
Prescribing pearls: duloxetine (Cymbalta)
powerful for extraordinary ache at higher doses; suitable for clients who present with somatic
signs and symptoms of melancholy; effective for unusual pain, such as fibromyalgia and diabetic
neuropathy
Prescribing pearls: venlafaxine (Effexor)
treats each despair and tension issues, make certain trial of higher dose before switching to a
specific medication
, Prescribing pearls: desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
powerful for perimenopausal vasomotor signs
considered while deciding on a remedy:
-Client choice
-Prior remedy reaction
-Anticipated negative effects
-Comorbidities
-Half-lifestyles and interactions
-Cost
if a remedy is not reaching efficacy:
-Increase dose gradually
-Switch to a unique drug inside the same magnificence
-Switch to drug in a extraordinary magnificence
-Add a second medicine
Use to defend in opposition to suicide
lithium
MDD and BPD genetics
genetic elements contribute 31-forty two% of the ailment chance in MDD and fifty nine-eighty
five% in BPD
monoamine hypothesis of depression
-posits that despair happens because of a deficiency of 1 or all 3 monoamine transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-even as mania may end result from an extra
*Emphasis is now shifted from the monoamines to their receptors and different downstream
occasions which includes the law of gene expression, growth elements, environmental
elements, and epigenetic adjustments
Three predominant neurotransmitters
-norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin 5HT
• include the monoamine neurotransmitter system
• implications for the pathophysiology and remedy of temper problems
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