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Biological Anthropology Exam Questions with correct Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam Questions with correct Answers
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Biological Anthropology ExamQuestions with correct Answers
Scientific iiMethod ii- iiAnswers ii-A iicontinual iiprocess iiof iitesting iiand
refining iihypotheses.
Evidence ii(asking iiquestions ii&
demanding iievidence)
Observation ii(collecting iiempirical
evidence ii[data])
Generalization ii(finding iipatterns ii&
relationships)
Testing ii(prediction iivs. iireality)
Continued iitesting ii(refining
explanations ii& iicorrecting iierrors)
Hypotheses iimust iibe iifalsifiable
Hypotheses iiare iisupported, iinot iiproven
Methods iishould iibe iisystematic iiand iiexplicit iiso iithey iican iibe iiduplicated
Well iitested iihypotheses iibecome iitheories ii(e.g., iievolution)
Falsifiability ii- iiAnswers ii-Evidence iisupporting iiand iinot iisupporting iia iitheory
Evolution ii- iiAnswers ii-Evolution iiis iithe iichange iiin iifrequency iiof iia iigene ii(trait) iiin iia
iipopulation iiover iimultiple iigenerations
What iiis iiBiocultural iiEvolution? ii- iiAnswers ii-Human iibiology iiand iihuman iiculture
iiinteract iiin iicomplex iiways iito iiinfluence iiprocesses iiof iievolution
Why iiis iithe iitheory iiof iievolution iiimportant iito iiAnthropologists? ii- iiAnswers ii-Helps iius
iito iiexplain iihuman iiorigins, iihuman iibiology, iiskeletal iianatomy, iigenetics, iietc.
Theorists iiand iitheir iiTimeline ii- iiAnswers ii-Ancient: iiJudeo-Christian iiteachings iiGreek
iiPhilosophy
Prior iito iimid-19th iicentury: iiLinnaeus, iiCuvier, iiLyell, iiLamarck
Late ii19th iicentury: iiMendel iiand iiDarwin
What iidid iipeople iibelieve iiin iibefore iithe iimid-19th iicentury? ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiEuropean
iischolars iibelieved iithat iiGod iimade iiall iiof iithe iiearth's iicreatures iiand iithat iithe iiearth
iiwas iia iifew iithousand iiyears iiold
- iiThey iibelieved iiin iithe iiGreat iiChain iiof iiBeing
,Carolus iiLinnaeus ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiSwedish iibotanist
- iiUnderstood iispecies iito iibe iiseparate iiand iiunchanging
ii--> iiDid iinot iichallenge iipre-existing iiviews iiof iithe iiworld
- iiLife's iiwork iidevoted iito iiclassifying iiand iinaming iithings
- iiMaking iisense iiof iirelationships iiusing iigenus/species iinomenclature ii= iitaxonomy
Catastrophism ii- iiAnswers ii-Georges iiCuvier ii--> iiObserved iiextinct iispecies iiin iithe
iifossil iirecord
Concluded:
In iithe iipast, iithe iiearth iiexperienced iisudden, iishort-lived, iiviolent iievents ii(e.g., iifloods) ii
Linked iito iiGod
Charles iiLyell ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiBritish iilawyer iiand iigeologist
- iiWrote iiPrinciples iiof iiGeology
- iiChallenged iiCuvier iiand iiCatastrophism
- iiUniformitarianism
- iiHIs iiviews iiwere iiradical iiat iithe iitime iibecause iihe iisuggests iithat iithe iiearth iiis iimuch
iiolder iithan iipreviously iiestimated ii(much iimore iithan ii~6000 iiyears) iiand iithat iiLife
iiforms iimay iichange!
Observed iiprocesses iiof iierosion iiin iiriver iibanks
Concluded:
The iiearth iihas iialways iibeen iisubject iito iislow iigradual iichanges ii
God iinot iiinvolved
Jean-Baptiste iiLamarck ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiFrench iinaturalist ii(soldier, iibiologist, iiacademic)
- iiProposed iithe iitheory iiof iiinheritance iiof iiacquired iicharacteristics
His iigoal: ii
- iiTo iiexplain iibiological iivariation
- iiThe iilaw iiof iiuse iiand iidisuse ii\
- iiPostulated iiinteraction iibetween iienvironment iiand iiorganism
- iiInheritance iiof iiacquired iicharacteristics ii= ii"Lamarckianism" iior iitransformational
iievolution
* iiLamarck iiidentified iian iiimportant iilink iibetween iithe iienvironment iiand iithe iiorganism
Darwin's iiThree iiPrinciples ii- iiAnswers ii-Principle iiof iiVariation-All iiindividuals iiwithin iia
iispecies iivary iifrom iione iianother ii(random, iinot iialways iiperceivable)
Principle iiof iiHeredity-Offspring iiinherit iivariations iifrom iitheir iiparents
Principle iiof iiNatural iiSelection-Some iivariations iiare iihelpful iiwhen iian iienvironment
iichanges ii(e.g., iicompetition iifor iifood/water iiresources) ii
,Individuals iiwith iithose iivariations iiare iimore iilikely iito iisurvive iiand iireproduce
Does iithe iienvironment iihave iito iichange? ii- iiAnswers ii-No. iiRandom iivariation iiwill
iioccur iiin iithe iipopulation iiregardless iiof iithe iienvironment
Gregor iiMendel ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiAustrian iimonk iiwith iitraining iiin iimath iiand iibotany
- iiPublished ii"Experiments iiin iiPlant iiHybridization" iiin iiMID ii19th iiCENTURY
- ii>30 iiyears iibetween iipublication iiand iirecognition
- iiThis iiwork iiwould iibecome iithe iibasis iifor iiunderstanding iigenetic iiheredity
- iiGrew iiand iistudied iipea iiplants ii
- iiObserved iitraits iidisappear iiand iithen iireappear iiin iilater iigenerations
- iiAdds iito iiDarwin's iiideas iiby iiexplaining iihow iitraits iiare iitransferred iifrom iione
iigeneration iito iithe iinext
Mendelian iitraits-traits iirelated iito iia iisingle
locus iior iigene.
Mendel's iiPea iiExperiments iiResulted iiin iiThree iiKey iiFindings ii- iiAnswers ii-Mendel
iiused iithe iiterm ii"particles" iito iidescribe iihow iia iitrait iiwas iipassed iifrom iiparent iito
iioffspring ii
Particles ii= iigenes ii(different iiforms iiof iia iigene ii= iialleles) ii
1) iiPrinciple iiof iiSegregation
An iiindividual iigets iione iiparticle iifrom iieach iiparent
2) iiPrinciple iiof iiDominance
A iidominant iiparticle iiwill iimask iithe iieffect iiof iia iirecessive iiparticle
3) iiPrinciple iiof iiIndependent iiAssortment
Inheritance iiof iione iiparticle iifor iione iitrait iidoes iinot iidetermine iiwhich iiparticle iiyou iiwill
iiinherit iifor iianother iitrait
Genetics ii- iiAnswers ii-Different iiversions iiof iithe iisame iigene iiare iicalled iialleles
ii(Mendel's iiparticles)
Found iiat iithe iisame iilocation iion iia iichromosome iipair
An iiindividual iireceives iitwo iialleles ii(one iifrom iieach iiparent) iibut iidonates iionly iione
iiallele iito iian iioffspring
Polygenic iiInheritence ii- iiAnswers ii-When iimany iigenes iiaffect iione iitrait ii
Physical iitraits iithat iihave iipolygenic iiinheritance iiare iiinfluenced iiby iimore iithan iione
iigene iiand iitypically iidisplay iia iicontinuous iidistribution ii
E.g., iirange iiin iiheights, iiweights, iiskin iicolours, iifingerprints, iietc.
, Continuous iiDistribution ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiHumans iihave iithousands iiof iigenes ii=
iicountless iiphenotypic iioutcomes
- iiCertain iiphenotypes iiare iimore iicommon iiin iisome iipopulations
Phenotypic iitraits iigrade iiimperceptibly iifrom iione iimember iiof iithe iipopulation iito iithe
iinext
Macroevolution ii- iiAnswers ii-Origins iiof iinew iispecies iiand iidiversification iiacross
iimillions iiof iiyears iiof iigeological iitime
Microevolution ii- iiAnswers ii-Short iiterm iichanges iithat iioccur iiwithin iia iigiven iispecies
iiover iia ii"short" iitime iiperiod
Among iiHuman iiPopulations...
- iiShifting iigene iifrequencies
- iiHuman iipopulations iidiffer iibecause iithey iipossess iidifferent iiproportions iiof iithe iisame
iiset iiof iialleles ii(not iibecause iithey iihave iicompletely iidifferent iigenes)
How iido iigene iifrequencies iichange? ii- iiAnswers ii-THE iiFOUR iiFORCES iiOF
iiEVOLUTION:
Mutation ii
Natural iiSelection ii
Gene iiFlow
Genetic iiDrift
Natural iiSelection ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiLow iifrequency iifor iia iigene iithat iicauses iia iispecific
iitrait iiin iithe iipopulation ii
- iiIndividuals iiwith iithe iitrait iimore iilikely iito iiproduce iioffspring iifor iiwhatever iireason
ex: iiMilk iitolerance iiis iihigher iiamong iipopulations iiwhere iidairy iifarming iibecame
iicommon
ex: iiSickle iiCell iiAllele
Genetic iiInheritance ii(What iiis iiLinkage?) ii- iiAnswers ii-Linkage iigenes iisit iiclose
iitogether iion iithe iisame iichromosome iiand iiare iimore iilikely iito iibe iiinherited iitogether
iithen iigenes iifound iiin iidifferent iichromosomes.
Genetic iiInheritance ii(What iiis iiPleiotropy?) ii- iiAnswers ii-When iione iigene iiinfluences
iitwo iior iimore iiseemingly iiunrelated iiphenotypic iitraits
Genetic iiInheritance ii(What iiis iiCrossing iiover?) ii- iiAnswers ii-Part iiof iione iichromosome
iibreaks iioff iiand iire-attaches iito iianother iichromosome iiduring iicell iidivision
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