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ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 AND PRACTICE EXAM WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE$22.49
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ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 AND PRACTICE EXAM WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE
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Course
ASU BIO 182
Institution
ASU BIO 182
ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 AND PRACTICE EXAM
WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY
GRADED A+|NEWEST|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE
ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 AND PRACTICE EXAM
2024-2025 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY
GRADED A+|NEWEST|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE
What is Balancing selection?
- No single phenotype is favored in all populations of a species at all times
- Genetic variation is maintained
What is gene flow?
- Migration of individuals between populations
- May add new genes to the gene pool
- Or change frequencies of alleles already present (H-W equilibrium assumes no gene flow)
- Maintains similarity among populations
What is Genetic Drift?
- Random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to next may over time result in large
changes in frequencies
- Bottleneck effect: Population is dramatically reduced in size due to an external cause and it is random
which alleles survive
Founder effect: A sample of the population colonize a new region and it is random which alleles
followed the colonizers
What is Bottleneck effect?
Borderline gone but manages to survive
Very small genetic variation
What is founder effect?
Part of population colonized differently, random which alleles followed the colonizers
What are the constraints on Evolution?
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,- Lack of genetic variation can prevent evolution of potentially favorable traits
- Evolution must work within the boundaries of universal constraints such as: cell size, constrained by
surface area-to-volume ratios. Protein folding, contained by types of bonding that can occur. Laws of
thermodynamics that contain energy transfers
- Developmental processes also constrain evolution: all evolutionary innovations are modifications of
previously existing structuers
- Adaptations involve both fitness costs and benefits: Benefits must outweigh the cost
What is polygynous?
Species in which males have multiple mates
What is sexual dimorphism?
Dramatic differences between sexes; species in which males are usually larger than females and often
have weapons (horns, antlers, etc)
- Also a result of sexual selection
What is Sexual selection?
Influence of reproductive process: fitness
Favors traits that increase reproductive success at potential cost to survival
What does the term "fitness" mean?
The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene pool relative to the average for
the population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive
age.
Sexual Selection vs Natural Selection
- Counteracting forces
- Male with more conspicuous coloration or behavior is more vulnerable to predation
- Even if the trait causes males to die earlier, the trait is still beneficial as long as males with the trait
produce more offspring than males lacking the trait
Genetic Variation:
- Mutations:ultimate source of variation
- Sexual Reproduction: crossing over, independent assortment, mate selection
- Frequency dependent selection
- Environmental variation
- Subpopulations in different geographic regions
Mechanisms:
- Gene flow
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,- Random genetic drift: Bottleneck and Founder Effects
- Selection: Artificial and Natural Selection (Directional, Disruptive, Stabilizing)(Sexual)
Mechanisms of Evolution
What is Eusociality?
Adults live in groups, individuals care for brood that is not their own, reproductive division of labor (not
all individuals get to reproduce) and overlap of generations
- Giving up one's reproductive potential is contrary to the basic premise of natural selection (to survive
and reproduce)
What is Inclusive Fitness?
the sum of an individuals genetic contribution to subsequent generations both via production of its own
offspring and via its influence on the survival of relatives who are not direct descendants
What is Group selection?
- Individuals staying together helping each other have a better chance of survival than single or few
individuals
- Best group is selected for
- Alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they give on groups
What is kin selection?
- Inclusive fitness results from helping the survival of relatives with shared alleles from a common
ancestor
- Behaviors have evolved to increase the fitness of close relatives
- Certain genotypes may code for behaviors that help close relatives raise more offspring than they
would without help
- These alleles would be favored by selection, provided that their close relatives are likely to have copies
of the same alleles
What is Complexity?
- No precise definition when referring to a biological organism
- Structural Complexity:
Number of cell types
Different limb-pair types
Fractal dimensions in ammonites
- Functional complexity:
Number of functions an organism can perform
- Sequence complexity:
Complexity of DNA sequences
Amount of information
What are the advantages of being complex?
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, - If small enough, you can get oxygen to your cells through diffusion
-If not, a specialized respiratory systems is needed
Being bigger (more complex)
- can eat larger things
- are harder to kill
- able to exploit new niches
Does natural selection lead to even greater complexity?
Evolution is a non-directional process
What is the biological species concept?
A species is a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in
nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
• ... are reproductively isolated from other such populations
What is the Ecological species concept?
• defines a species in terms of it's ecological niche
• a species' niche depends on its unique adaptations to its role in the biological community
What is the genealogical concept?
• defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history
What is the morphological species concept?
defines a species in terms of its unique structural features (its morphology)
How do groups undergo speciation? (Become reproductively isolated)
Two populations become so different that they are considered different species
A population becomes so different from its ancestral state that it is considered another species
What is anagenesis?
A pattern of speciation
- Phyletic evolution
- is an accumulation of changes with the transformation of one species to another
- these processes can lead to change within a population (or species)
- but has no increase in number of species
What is Cladogenesis?
A pattern of speciation
- Branching evolution
- Branching off of one or more new species from a parent species that continues to exist
- increases the number of species
Hence the increase of biological diversity
e.g. adaptive radiation
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