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HLSC 2P09 Final EXAM COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE Brock University
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HLSC 2P09 Final EXAM COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE Brock University
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HLSC 2P09 Final EXAM COMPLETE STUDYGUIDE Brock University
Introduction to Physiology
Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Cn(H2O)n
Provide cells with energy through chemical reactions
Role in cell-cell communication
1% of BW
Proteins
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
17% of BW
Important role in
o Structure and function of enzymes
o Transporters
o Certain hormones
Amino acids are building blocks of proteins
Amino Acids
Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains
Protein synthesis
o Transcription
o Translation
o Posttranslational modification
Lipids
Hydrogen and Carbon
15% of BW
Non-polar molecules, low solubility
Fatty acids: chain of C atoms linked together
Triacylglycerol: 3FA and glycerol
Phospholipids: similar to triglycerides with the difference that contain 2FA + phosphate,
nitrogen region that makes it polar amphipathic molecules
Steroids: rings of C atoms linked together
o Cholesterol, cortisol, sex hormones are all steroids
,Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
2% of BW
Storage, expression and transmission of genetic information
,Physiology
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Transduction and communication
Consists of:
o Phospholipid bilayer
o Transport proteins
o Cholesterol
o Carbohydrates
Membrane Proteins
Hydrophobic regions in the PM
Channel proteins facilitate the movement of ions across PM
Cell Structure and Function
Cytoplasm:
o Semifluid part between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
o Consists of many enzymes and proteins
Cytosol:
o Clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Nucleus:
o In most cells
o Double membrane (nuclear envelope)
o Contains:
Chromatin
Nucleolus; site of rRNA production
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth or agranular ER
o Steroid hormone production and inactivation
o Site for Ca storage in muscles
Rough or granular ER
o Ribosomes site for protein synthesis and excretion
Ribosomes
Protein + rRNA
Translation of mRNA and protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
Stacked membranes
Later stages of protein synthesis
, Processes and packages material to be secreted
Mitochondria
Site of production for cells energy
Contain their own DNA
Lysosomes
Enzymatic breakdown of foreign material
Digest/destroy microbes
Peroxisomes
Detox’s harmful substances
Secretion Vesicles
Transport proteins from GA to cell surface
o Exocytosis
Centrosome
Building/breaking of microtubules
Centrioles
Organize microtubules
Cell Cytoskeleton
Framework
o Movement
o Vesicle transport
Microtubules
Tubulin + a lot of proteins
Microfilaments
Contains actin
Feedback Control Mechanisms
Regulation of body functions to maintain homeostasis
Negative/positive
Negative Feedback
Correct a change by creating a response that is opposite to the initial disturbance
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