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Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 with correct answers
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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiologyexam with correct answers
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - correct answer -Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answer -
1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answer -Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD,
DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answer -Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - correct answer -1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - correct answer -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
,Threshold potential - correct answer -Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answer -HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answer -HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answer -Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answer -Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - correct answer -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell
has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells
are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - correct answer -Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - correct answer -Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - correct answer -physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
, pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - correct answer -Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - correct answer -1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - correct answer -abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization
of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - correct answer -Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - correct answer -Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced
by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or
hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - correct answer -Most common is change from columnar cells
to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus
caused by heart burn.
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer -Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus,
and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - correct answer -1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes,
asphyxiation, drowning)
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