Penn Foster Pharmacology Questions And
Answers 100% Guaranteed Success.
Adverse drug event - correct answer. harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or
preventive intervention. It could be due to a medication error or adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug reaction - correct answer. an undesirable response to a drug by a
patient. It may vary in severity from mild to fatal
Agonist - correct answer. a drug that brings about a specific action by binding with
the appropriate receptor
antagonist - correct answer. a drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a
particular receptor
compounding - correct answer. any medication preformed to produce a dosage-form
drug, other than the manipulation described in the directions for use on the labeling of
an approved drug product
drug - correct answer. a substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
efficacy - correct answer. the extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a
patient
extralabel use - correct answer. the use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the
US Food and Drug Administration approved label
half-life - correct answer. the amount of time that it takes for the quantity of a drug in
the body to be reduced by 50%
manufacturing - correct answer. the bulk production of drugs for resale outside of
the veterinarian-client-patient relationship
,metabolism - correct answer. the biochemical process that alters a drug from an
active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body
parenteral - correct answer. the route of administration of injectable drugs
partition coefficient - correct answer. the ration of the solubility of substances
between two states in which they may be found
prescription (legend) drug - correct answer. a drug that is limited to use under the
supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or
other considerations
regimen - correct answer. a program for administration of a drug that includes the
route, the dose, the frequency, and the duration of administration
residue - correct answer. an amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or
products at a particular point
veterinarian-client-patient relationship - correct answer. the set of circumstances
that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the
dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate
withdrawal time - correct answer. the length of time it takes for a drug to be
eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used
indications - correct answer. the reasons for using drugs
contraindications - correct answer. reasons for not using drugs
pharmacokinetics - correct answer. plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by
the presence of another
pharmacodynamics - correct answer. the action or effect of one drug is altered by
another
list common sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine - correct answer. plants,
materials, animals, laboratories
diagnostic method - correct answer. involves assessment of a patient, including a
history, physical examination, laboratory test, and other diagnostic procedures to arrive
at a specific diagnosis
empirical method - correct answer. calls on the use of practical experience and
common sense when the drug choice is made
,for veterinarian-client-patient relationship to occur conditions must be met - correct
answer. the vet has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the
health of the animal and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the
vet's instructions; the vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis,
the vet must have seen the animal recently; the vet must be available for follow up
evaluation
technician important responsibilities in caring out written orders to administer drugs -
correct answer. correct drug, correct route, correct time, observing animal's response
to the drug, questioning any medication orders that are not clear, creating and affixing
labels to medication containers accurately, expaining administration instructions to
clients, recording appropriate information in the record
over the counter drugs - correct answer. drugs that do not have enough potential to
be toxic or that do not require administration in special ways that do not require the
supervision of a vet
describe the events that occur after a drug is administered - correct answer. it is
available for absorption into the bloodstream where the drug may bind with plasma
protein or stay in the free state. The blood then distributes it to the capillary level where
the drug goes into the interstitial fluid. the interstitial fluid coats the cell or binds with
surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid
where it reenters circulation and is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys to be
excreted
List and describe the routes used for administration of drugs - correct answer.
intravenous (IV)- IV produces most rapid onset accompanied by the shortest duration
Intramuscular (IM)- IM produces slower onset of action but longer duration of action
Subcutaneous (SC)- SQ produces slower onset of action but slightly longer duration
than IM
Intradermal (ID)- primarily for testing for tuberculosis and allergies
Intraperitoneal (IP) -> abdominal cavity; used to administer fluids, blood, and other
medications when normal routes are not available
Intaarterial (IA) -> artery; seldom used
Intraarticular -> joint; used primarily to treat inflammatory conditions of the joint
Intacardiac -> chest wall directly into chambers of heart- provides immediate access to
the bloodstream and ensures that the drug is delivered quickly to all tissues
Intramedullary -> directly into bone marrow; bones most used are femur and humerus;
used to provide blood or fluids to animals with very small or damaged veins or for
treatment of animals with very low blood pressure
Epidural/subdural -> epidural: outside the dura mater but inside the spinal canal
Subdural-> inside the dura mater (also called intrathecal route)
biotransformation - correct answer. the body's ability to change a drug from the form
in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body
, list common chemical reactions involved in biotransformation - correct answer.
Oxidation- loss of electrons
Reduction- gain of electrons
Hydrolysis- splitting of the drug molecule and addition of a water molecule to each of the
split portions
Conjugation- the addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule
factors that alter drug metabolism - correct answer. species, age, nutritional status,
tissue storage, health status
kidneys excrete drugs by - correct answer. Glomerular filtration: glomerulus acts like
a sieve to filter drug metabolites from the blood into the glomerular filtrate, which is
eliminated as urine
Tubular secretion- kidney tubule cells secrete metabolites from the capillaries
surrounding the tubule and into the glomerular filtrate, which becomes urine
list routes of drug excretion - correct answer. kidneys, liver(bile->small intestines-
>fecal), lungs(gas goes through blood-> alveoli-> expired air),
Some may be actively secreted across the intestinal mucosa into the intestine for
elimination,
Some drugs are eliminated through sweat and saliva
affinity - correct answer. the tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor
partial agonist - correct answer. a drug with less affinity and efficacy
examples of drug effects - correct answer. stimulation, depression, irritation, cell
death
drug-response curve - correct answer. displays the relationship between the dose of
a drug and the body's response
potency - correct answer. the amount of a drug needed to produce a desired
response
therapeutic index - correct answer. relationship between a drug's ability to achieve
the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects
LD50/ED50
pharmaceutic - correct answer. physical or chemical reactions take place as a result
of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container
mechanisms of drug interations - correct answer. pharmacokinetic,
pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutic
