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BIOS252 EXAM 2 STUDY SET questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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BIOS252 EXAM 2 STUDY SETA disease that damages the cells of the anterior grey horn will
a-inhibit autonomic regulation
b-cause paralysis or weakness in skeletal muscles
c-interrupt temperature recongnition
d-interrupt proprioception - ANS-b- cause paralysis or weakness in skeletal muscles
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that
the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. - ANS-left frontal
An image of the cross-section of a spinal cord would show anterior (or ventral) horns. What is in
that region? - ANS-Cell bodies of motor neurons
an unlearned and involuntary but predictable motor response to a stimulus that is rapid and
does not involve any processing by the brain is what relflex? - ANS-spinal reflex
ANS - ANS-autonomic nervous system
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANS-involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons, looks as if
they are talking but they are not. They think that they are talking to you, they are not though
because they can not control it. Say things that do not make sense.
autonomic reflexes - ANS-smooth muscle regulation, heart and blood pressure regulation,
regulation of glands, digestive system regulation
autonomic vs somatic - ANS-autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)
Sympathetics - Lateral Grey horns of thoracic lumbar spine, sympathetic trunk and
preverterebral ganglia, short pre-ganglionic nerve; long post ganglionic nerve; pre-ganglionic NT
is Ach, Post gaglionic NT is EPI and NE, Elevate HR and respiratory rate, Pupil dilate,
vasoconstrict blood vessels to digestive organs and vasodilate blood vessels to extremities,
global response, long acting
SOMATIC- slows you down, cranial nerves and sacral nerves, terminal ganglia that lie near or
ont he effector organ, long pre-ganlionic nerve, short post ganglionic nerve, pre-ganglionic NT is
Ach; Post ganglionic Ach, slows down heart rate and respiratory rate, pupil constrict, vasodilate
blood vessels to digestive organs and vasoconstrict to extremities
brachial plexus - ANS-C5-T1, nerves to upper limb, neck, and shoulder muscles
can any disruption in oxygen or glucose damage the brain? - ANS-yes
Cerebellum - ANS-A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
-Posterior to pons
- divides cerebrum and brainstem
-Connects brainstem via cerebellar peduncles
-functions to smooth and coordinate the intended motion that is happening detected by the
proprioceptors
-functions in balance and coordination
-regulates tone and posture
, Cerebrum - ANS-Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision,
speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic - ANS-Cholinergic- stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic- increases BP, bronchodialators, reduces intraocular pressure
CN 1 (1) - ANS-Olfactory
CN II (2) - ANS-Optic
CN III (3) - ANS-Oculomotor
CN IV (4) - ANS-Trochlear
CN IX (9) - ANS-glossopharyngeal nerve
CN V (5) - ANS-trigeminal nerve
CN VI (6) - ANS-abducens nerve
CN VII (7) - ANS-facial nerve
CN VIII (8) - ANS-vestibulocochlear nerve
CN X (10) - ANS-vagus nerve
CN XI (11) - ANS-accessory nerve
CN XII (12) - ANS-hypoglossal nerve
contralateral - ANS-opposite side
corticospinal tract - ANS-connections between brain and spine
CSF - ANS-cerebrospinal fluid
CVOs - ANS-circumventricular organs - monitor chemical changes because they lack a BBB
decussation - ANS-Most pathways cross from one side of CNS to other at some point
Diencephalon - ANS-thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, CVOs
direct pathway - ANS-pyramidal tracts
Do spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons? - ANS-yes
Epithalamus - ANS-contains the pineal gland where melatonin secretes
falx cerebri - ANS-separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain
Felx cerebelli - ANS-separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
first order neuron - ANS-detects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or
brainstem
frontal lobe - ANS-Responsible for consciousness and communication, memory, attention,
planning, personality, judgement, voluntary movement (motor cortex)
frontal lobe functions - ANS-"Executive functions" Planning, inhibition, concentration, orientation,
language, abstraction, judgment, motor regulation, mood. Lack of social judgment is most
notable in frontal lobe lesion. ("D amage = D isinhibition" - e.g., Phineas Gage)
How does CSF flow? - ANS-Arteries -> choroid plexus -> ventricles (higher pressure) -> follows
apertures to subarachnoid spaces -> arachnoid granules (to venous return, lowest pressure)
How is CSF produced? - ANS-plasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through ependymal
cells into the ventricles to produce CSF
How is the brainstem divided? - ANS-Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
how many cervical nerves are there? - ANS-8 pairs
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there? - ANS-1 pair
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - ANS-12
how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there? - ANS-5 pairs
how many pairs of sacral nerves are there? - ANS-5 pairs
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