How do crustaceans, such as crabs, shrimp, and crayfish, breathe? - Ans:✔✔-Crustaceans have gills that
are highly modified and located at the base of each leg under the carapace. The water flow is
unidirectional, entering the ventral side and exiting the bailer (anterior) near the mouth
Describe at least two ways that different echinoderms can respire in water without gills. - Ans:✔✔-Sea
Stars use both external respiratory papulae and a water vascular system.
Sea cucumbers have arborescent respiratory trees stemming from their cloaca (breathing out of anus)
How do hagfish differ from lampreys? (hint: nostril) - Ans:✔✔-Hagfish have a single nostril connected to
the esophagus and ventilate using a muscular velum - moves to propel water unidirectionally through
the mouth, down the pharynx, and into the bilateral atria that exits the body through the atriopore
opening
Lampreys have a single nostril that's not connected to the gut and have a row of gill pouches (7 per side)
that each have an external opening. Can be unidirectional when the fish is swimming and tidal when
attached to a surface (rock/host).
What is ram ventilation and which group of animals uses this? What is their anatomy like? - Ans:✔✔-
Continuous swimming sharks use ram ventilation, which means that they move water over their gills by
swimming and "ramming" the water into their mouths and over their gills.
Sharks and rays have gill septa and unidirectional flow
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