active transport - ANS-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane
against a concentration difference
adipose tissue - ANS-Tissue that stores fat.
anaerobic respiration glycolysis - ANS-During the first part of cellular respiration, enzymes, free
floating in the cytosol of the cell, control a series of reactions that break down a glucose
molecule into two acid molecules. This phase of the process is the only way that we can
produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, thus it is called anaerobic respiration (glycolysis). This
phase occurs in the cytosol (the liquid portion of the cytoplasm) and is a 10 step process. The
process of anaerobic respiration prepares the glucose to enter the next stage. The result of
anaerobic respiration is either pyruvic acid or lactic acid. When pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is the
end result, the process is referred to as "aerobic glyocolysis" or "slow glycolysis"; when lactic
acid (lactate) is the end result, the process is referred to "anaerobic glycolysis" or "fast
glycolysis".
-Although some energy is required to activate the reactions of anaerobic respiration, more
energy is released that is consumed. The excess energy is used to synthesize the
energy-carrying molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate). When energy demands are relatively
low, glycolysis provides the substrates for aerobic respiration; when energy demands are
relatively high, glycolysis provides a means of energy when the availability of oxygen limits the
rate of ATP production in the mitochondria.
Process yields a net gain of 2 ATP: 4 ATP are released but 2 are used in the process.
Note: If the process begins with glycogen, 3 ATP are yielded instead as this requires one less
conversion step; only used 1 ATP in the process.
Anaphase (Mitosis) - ANS-sister chromatids are pulled apart
Apoptosis - ANS-Naturally programmed cell death does NOT cause inflammation
areolar connective tissue - ANS-soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs
atrophy - ANS-Without growth; degeneration
bone connective tissue - ANS--Support, protection
-Skeletal system
Cancer - ANS-disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth
cartilage connective tissue - ANS-strong and flexible support material
cell membrane - ANS-Primary structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid
molecules
cell membrane components - ANS-phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol
cell metabolism - ANS-sum of all chemical reactions that a cell carries out to maintain life
cell projections - ANS-Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli
cell structures - ANS-plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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