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NURS 549 Pharm Midterm Exam Study Guide
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NURS 549 Pharm Midterm Exam Study Guide Pharmacokinetics - Ans:-What the body does to the drug once administered Pharmacodynamics - Ans:-The actions of a drug on the body Absorption - Ans:-The transfer of the drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream Distribution - Ans:-The proce...

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  • October 24, 2024
  • 53
  • 2024/2025
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




NURS 549 Pharm Midterm Exam Study
Guide


Pharmacokinetics - Ans:✔✔-What the body does to the drug once administered


Pharmacodynamics - Ans:✔✔-The actions of a drug on the body


Absorption - Ans:✔✔-The transfer of the drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream


Distribution - Ans:✔✔-The process by which the drug leaves the blood stream and enters the interstitial

and then tissue cells


Metabolism - Ans:✔✔-The drug is broken down to metabolites in the tissues


Elimination - Ans:✔✔-Removal of drug from the body via bile, urine


Which drugs passively diffuse across membranes most easily: Un-ionized, lipid-soluble drugs OR ionized,

water-soluble drugs? - Ans:✔✔-Un-ionized, lipid soluble drugs


What drugs are easily eliminated via the kidney? - Ans:✔✔-Ionized, water soluble forms of drug




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Where are weakly acidic drugs better absorbed? - Ans:✔✔-In the acidic media of the stomach drug will

remain protonated (un-ionized, lipid soluble)


Where will weakly basic drugs be better absorbed? - Ans:✔✔-In the basic media of the small intestine

the drug will remain protonated (un-ionized)


Where is drug absorption most efficient? Stomach, SI or LI? - Ans:✔✔-The small intestine, as it has the

largest surface area and blood flow


First pass effect - Ans:✔✔-The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal

tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.


Oral bioavailability & relation to first pass effect - Ans:✔✔-The fraction of an administered drug that

reaches the systemic circulation after oral administration. High first pass effect, low oral bioavailability




Bioavailability = (AUC oral / AUC injected) x 100


SubQ versus IM absorption - Ans:✔✔-SubQ tissue has less vascularity than muscle tissue. IM absorption

is faster


Rectal administration - Ans:✔✔-Avoids liver biotransformation. 50% of drainage from rectal region

bypasses portal circulation




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Drugs that are unstable in the acidic environment of the stomach and have 0% bioavailability - Ans:✔✔-

Insulin, Penicillin G


Bioequivalence - Ans:✔✔-Two drugs have comparable bioavailability (similar time to peak blood

concentration)


Pharmaceutical equivalence - Ans:✔✔-Drugs with the same active ingredient, same dosage form, same

route, identical in strength/concentration


Therapeutic equivalence - Ans:✔✔-Pharmaceutical equivalents with the same clinical effect and safety

profile


Drug distribution depends on... - Ans:✔✔-Cardiac output


Regional blood flow


Capillary permeability


Degree of drug binding to plasma and tissue proteins (drug that binds to albumin may not distribute.

rugs that bind tissue proteins may have prolonged effect)


Volume of distribution (Vd) - Ans:✔✔-Hypothetical volume of fluid into which the drug is disseminated -

numeric value based on liters, patient independent marker




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Types of drugs with low Vd, higher Vd, and highest Vd - Ans:✔✔-Low Vd = hydrophilic, large molecular

weight, plasma protein-bound drugs that remain in plasma compartment




Higher Vd = hydrophilic, low molecular weight, non-plasma bound drug, distributes to plasma and

interstitium




Highest Vd = Lipophilic, low molecular weight, non-plasma bound drug, distributes to plasma,

interstitium, and intracellular fluid


First order kinetics - Ans:✔✔-Non-linear, exponential elimination of drugs. A constant fraction of drug is

metabolized per unit of time. Rate increases concentration increases. Applies to vast majority of drugs


Zero order kinetics - Ans:✔✔-A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time. Elimination is linear,

independent and non-proportional to drug concentration. All enzymes are saturated, at max capacity.

Must manufacture additional enzymes for future metabolism.


How must drugs be metabolized in order to be eliminated by the kidney? - Ans:✔✔-Lipophilic drugs

must be metabolized to more polar, hydrophilic substances in the liver


Phase 1 metabolism - Ans:✔✔-Oxidation reactions by CYP450 enzymes, reduction reactions, hydrolysis

reactions


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