1. Commerce Clause - ANS-The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause
1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state
lines or affect more than one state or other nations.
2. Concurrent powers - ANS-Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.
3. Conference committee - ANS-A special joint committee appointed to unify competing
versions of a bill that have passed in the House and Senate.
4. Congressional Committees - ANS-A smaller subset of representatives or senators
that consider particular types of bill (can be long standing or temporary), hold
hearings for testifying for or against new bills
5. Duties and powers of the president - ANS-Present information on state of the union,
call Congress into session, veto legislation, pardon people of federal crimes, make
recommendations for legislation and policy, nominate federal judges, fill military and
diplomatic posts
6. Enumerated/expressed powers - ANS-Powers explicitly stated in the Constitution.
Right to levy taxes, declare war, regulate money stuff, regulate immigration.
7. Evidence of Congress exercising power of the commerce clause - ANS-Racial
desegregation, No Gun School Zone ruled unconstitutional, the Affordable Care Act
8. Executive orders - ANS-Rules that bypass Congress but still have the force of the
law if the courts don't overturn them.
9. Full Faith and Credit Clause - ANS-Each state must accept the public acts, records,
and judicial proceedings of every other state
10. How is a law passed? - ANS-Introduced, sent to rules committee, debate and voting
in the House and Senate (separately), conference committee, unified bill is voted on,
president signs or vetoes
11. Implied powers - ANS-Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution. Right to
regulate banks, establish minimum wage, construction and maintenance of
highways.
12. Inherent powers - ANS-Powers that must be assumed to exist as a direct result of the
country's existence. Right to control borders of the state, expand territory, defend
itself from revolution/coups.
13. Joint committee - ANS-A temporary or permanent committee composed of members
of the House and the Senate
14. Judicial activism - ANS-Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the
Constitution to reflect current conditions and values
15. Loose Interpretation - ANS-A way of interpreting the Constitution that allows actions
that the Constitution doesn't expressly forbid
16. Marbury vs. Madison - ANS-Case in which the supreme court first asserted the
power of judicial review in finding that the decision of Congress was unconstitutional;
confirmed independence of judiciary as third branch; only supreme court could give
original jurisdiction according to the Constitution
17. McCulloch v. Maryland - ANS-Supreme Court ruling confirming the supremacy of
national over state government
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