Exam (elaborations)
NR-222 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Exam of 14 pages for the course NR222 at NR222 (NR-222)
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NR-222Health - answer State of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning within
developmental context
Adaptation and reaction to environment
Health promotion - answer the concept is to promote healthy living. The model details
individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, as
well as behavior outcomes. The end result is a commitment to a plan of action or health
promoting behaviors. This model adapts as an individual develops over a life time.
Illness - answer Composed of the subjective experience of individual and physical
manifestation of disease
Disease - answer Failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms
Results in functional or structural disturbances
Models of health - answer Clinical model
Role performance model
Adaptive model
Eudaemonistic model
Clinical model - answerIn the clinical model, health is defined by the absence of signs
and symptoms of disease and illness is defined by the presence of signs and symptoms
of disease.
Role performance model - answerThe role performance model of health defines health
in terms of individuals' ability to perform social roles. Role performance includes work,
family, and social roles, with performance based on societal expectations.
Adaptive model - answerIn the adaptive model of health, people's ability to adjust
positively to social, mental, and physiological change is the measure of their health.
Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these
changes.
Eudaimonistic - answerIn the eudaimonistic model, exuberant well-being indicates
optimal health. This model emphasizes the interactions between physical, social,
psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment that contribute to goal
attainment and create meaning. Illness is reflected by a denervation or languishing, a
lack of involvement with life. A
Health beliefs-internal variables - answerDevelopmental stage
Intellectual Background
, Perception of Functioning
Emotional Factors
Spiritual Factors
Health beliefs-external variables - answerFamily practices
Socioeconomic factors
Cultural background
Healthy People 2020 - answer4 Overarching goals:
1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life
stages
Healthy People 2020 (LHI)-Leading Health Indicators - answerFor example, under the
Tobacco topic, one LHI is listed as "Adults who are current cigarette smokers"
(USDHHS, 2016a, para. 13). Cigarette smoking, as you will explore later, is "the single
most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States"
(USDHHS, 2016b, para. 1).
Levels of prevention - answerPrimary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary - answerThe goal of primary prevention is to stop illness or injury before it
happens. For instance, antismoking laws are a form of primary prevention, as are
immunizations, seat belts, sunscreen, and nursing education about health promotion,
nutrition, and safety.
Secondary - answerSecondary prevention prevents an existing illness or injury condition
from becoming worse. For example, heart attack patients are prescribed an aspirin a
day to reduce their chance of further heart problems. Another secondary prevention
measure is screening to detect a disease of which an individual is unaware of having,
such as breast cancer, diabetes, or colon cancer. Detecting the disease allows for
treatment and hopefully prevents worsening of the condition.
Tertiary - answerAfter an injury has been treated or an illness enters a chronic phase,
tertiary prevention prevents the lasting effects of the condition or tries to lessen their
impact. For example, a recovering stroke patient will need rehabilitation and physical
therapy to strengthen and condition the individual to live with his or her new disabilities.
Risk factors - answerVariables that increase the vulnerability of an individual or a group
to an illness or accident
Risk factors include:
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