hpex 358 epidemiology midterm Questions and Correct Answers the Latest Update and Recommended Version
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Course
Hpex 358
Institution
Hpex 358
determinants
a collective or individual risk factor that is causally related to a health condition, outcome,
or other defined characteristic (how & why)
-ex:
exposure
pertain either to contact with a disease-causing factor or to amount of the factor that
impinges upon a group or individu...
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hpex 358 epidemiology midterm
Questions and Correct Answers the
Latest Update and Recommended
Version
determinants
✓ a collective or individual risk factor that is causally related to a health condition, outcome,
or other defined characteristic (how & why)
✓ -ex:
exposure
✓ pertain either to contact with a disease-causing factor or to amount of the factor that
impinges upon a group or individuals
✓ -ex:
outcome
✓ all the possible results that may stem from exposure to a casual factor (expressed as
morbidity and mortality)
✓ -ex:
endemic
✓ the occurence in a community or region of cases of ana illness, specific health-related
behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
✓ -ex: common flu or malaria
a single case of a disease may represent an endemic
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epidemic is not limited to communicable disease
✓ true
pandemic
✓ an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international
boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people
✓ -ex: spanish flu and covid-19
epidemiology
✓ study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states/events in specified
populations and the application of this study to control health problems
key characteristics of epidemiology
✓ -population focus
✓ -distribution
✓ -determinants
✓ -epxosures & outcomes
✓ -quantification
✓ -control of health problems
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✓ -descriptive: characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a
population
✓ -analytic: examines causal (etiologic) hypotheses between the association of exposures
and health conditions
hippocrates
✓ -departed from superstitious reasons for disease outbreak
✓ -suggested disease might be associated with environmental factors
paracelsus
✓ -one of the founders of toxicology
✓ -contributed to the dose-response relationship
edward jenner
✓ developed a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796
john snow
✓ -father of epidemiolgy
✓ -innovated several of the key epidemiological methods that remain today
✓ -believed cholera was transmitted by contaminated water
snow's natural experiment
✓ -observered that a severe outbreak of cholera was concentrated in Broad Street near a
water pump
✓ -compared death rates in households by 2 rival water companies
✓ -rate of cholera death was 8.5 times higher in houses supplied by one company
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