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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 3 | ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 3 | ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
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NUR 339 EXAM 31. What are protooncogenes?
Normal cellular genes that regulate cell prolifera- tion and differentiation that can become
oncogenes
2. What are oncogenes?
Genes that cause cancer
3. What are tumor suppressor genes?
"Anti-oncogenes" that protect cells on path to cancer genes that normally prevent cell division
4. What is carcinogenesis?
When normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
5. What is neoplasia?
Formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue
6. Describe benign tumors
-Noncancerous
-Cells resemble normal cells
-Doesn't metastasize
-Local effects
-Slow growth
-Limited loss of function and death
7. Describe malignant tumors
,-Cancerous
-Do not resemble normal cells
-Metastasizes
-Generalized body effects (not local)
-Fast growth
-Tissue damage and death if not treated
8. What is the first step of carcinogenesis?
Initiation (changes in cell DNA, caused by carcinogens)
9. Describe the second step of carcinogenesis
Promotion (expansion of initiated cells)
-From repeated exposure to promoting agents (cocarcinogens)
-Reversible if promoting agent removed
10. At what stage of carcinogenesis can cancer still be stopped or reversed?-
At the second stage, cancer is reversible if the promoting agent is removed
11. Describe proliferation
Neoplasia (uncontrolled growth with no physiologic de- mand, seen in malignant cells)
12. What are some examples of viral/bacterial carcinogens and examples of them?
Viruses/bacteria (h.pylori)
13. What are some examples of physical agent carcinogens and examples of them?
Physical agents (uv light, radiation)
,14. What are some examples of chemical agent carcinogens and examples of them?
Chemical agents (tobacco, pesticides, asbestos)
15. What are some examples of hematologic neoplasias?
Bone and lymph tissue
Ex. leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
16. Which type of neoplasm is from epithelial tissues?
Carcinoma (skin and soft body tissue like mucous membranes and viscera)
17. Which type of neoplasm is from connective tissues?
Sarcoma (everything other than skin and soft body tissue like bone, muscle, cartilage, fat)
18. What is staging?
-TNM (tumor, lymph nodes, metastasis)
-T
1-4, N
0-3, M
0-1
19. What is grading?
, -Grade I through IV
-Grade I is well differentiated, grade IV is poorly differentiated
20. What are the clinical manifestations of cancer?
-Weight loss
-Anorexia
-Anemia
-Clotting or bleeding
-Pain
-Immunosuppression
-Infection
21. What is the difference between control and palliative care?
-Control
pro- longed survival and containment of malignant growth
-Palliative
relief of symptoms and maintain quality of life
22. Where are cancer drugs metabolized and excreted?
Metabolized in the liver excreted in the urine
23. Where do alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) work in the cell cycle?
-
Cell cycle nonspecific?
24. How do alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) work?
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