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EEG FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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EEG FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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EEG FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and203) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
THE iiELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ii(EEG) ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiPrimary iineurodiagnostic
iitool
o iiA iivisible iirecording iiof iithe iiamplified iielectrical iiactivity iigenerated iiby iithe iinerve
iicells iiof iithe iibrain
-Electro ii-electrical
-Encephalo ii-brain
-Gram ii-picture
o iiReferences iito iiEEG
-Electroencephalograph ii-the iimachine iithat iirecords iibrain iiactivity
-Electroencephalogram ii-the iirecord iiproduced iiby iithe iiElectroencephalograph
-Electroencephalography ii-the iirecording iiof iibrain iiactivity ii
o iiDiffers iifrom iiother iibrain iitests
-EEG iishows iibrain iiphysiology
-CT iiscans iiand iiMRI iishow iibrain iianatomy
Founding iiFathers iiof iiNeurological iiTesting ii- iiAnswers ii-o ii1875 ii- iiRichard iiCaton
iirecords iithe iifirst iielectrical iiactivity iiof iia iibrain iifrom iianimals
o ii1890 ii- iiAdolf iiBeck iiidentified iithe iilocalization iiof iisenses iion iithe iibrain iiwith iievoked
iipotentials ii
o ii1929 ii- iiHans iiBerger iiidentifies iithe ii1st iirecording iiof iithe iielectric iifield iiof iithe
iihuman iibrain
-Berger iiis iiknown iias iithe ii'Father iiof iiEEG'
o ii1951 ii- iiGeorge iiD. iiDawson iidemonstrated iithe iievoked iipotential iiof iian iiulnar iinerve
Evolution iiof iineurological iitesting ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiElectroencephalogram ii(EEG) ii
-First iirecorded iibrain iiactivity iiin iihumans iiin ii1924 iiusing iia iigalvanometer iidesigned iifor
iielectrocardiograms
o iiEvoked iiPotentials ii(EP)
-An iiexpansion iiof iiEEG iithat iirecords iithe iibrain's iiresponse iito iiexternal iistimuli iiof iithe
iinervous iisystem ii
o iiFar iiField iiPotential ii(FFP)
-An iiexpansion iiof iiEvoked iiPotential iithat iirecords iithe iideep iibrain iiresponse iito
iiexternal iistimuli ii
o iiDigitalization iiof iiNeurologic iiTesting
-The iiintroduction iiof iiCT iiscans iiand iiMRI iito iishow iibrain iianatomy iiin iithe ii1970's
-Electroencephalographs iimove iifrom iianalog iito iidigital iirecordings iiin iithe ii1980s
Diagnostic iitests iithat iievolved iifrom iithe iiEEG ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiEvoked iiPotentials ii
,-Record iithe iibrain's iielectrical iiresponse iito iimotor iiand iisensory iistimuli
-Created iiby iiextracting iithe iiEvoked iiPotential iiduring iian iiongoing iiEEG iivia
iiphotographic iisummation
o iiTypes iiof iiEvoked iiPotentials iiinclude:
-Visual iiEvoked iiPotential ii(VEP) ii
•Records iithe iibrain's iiresponse iito iivisual iistimuli iivia iithe iiOptic iiTract
-Brainstem iiAuditory iiEvoked iiPotential ii(BAEP)
•Records iithe iibrain's iiresponse iito iiauditory iistimuli iivia iithe iiAuditory iiTract
-Somatosensory iiEvoked iiPotential ii(SSEP)
•Records iithe iibrain's iiresponse iito iiexternal iistimuli iivia iithe iiPeripheral iiNervous
iiSystem
The iievolution iiof iithe iiEEG iifrom iianalog iito iidigital ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiAnalog iiEEG
-Recorded iion iipaper iiusing iipens iiand iiink
-Required iifrequent iimaintenance ii(i.e. iipaper, iiink, iicalibration) iito iiobtain iia iirecording
-Required iicontinuous iimonitoring iiby iian iiEEG iiTechnician
-EEG iiRecords iiwere iiat iia iiminimum ii120 iipages iilong ii
o iiDigital iiEEG
-Uses iicomputer iitechnology iito iirecord iiand iisave iirecords
-Records iiare iiable iito iibe iiviewed iiin iidifferent iiformats
-Allows iifor iicontinuous iirecordings iiwithout iian iiEEG iiTechnician
-Recordings iican iibe iiaccessed iiremotely iiby iiphysicians iiglobally
-Computer iidata iianalysis iienables iiadditional iiinsights iiwhich iimay iihave iinot iibeen
iipreviously iiidentified
EEG iiis iia iibrain iifunction iidiagnostic iitest iithat iiprovides iivaluable iiinformation iito iiother
iineurological iifields ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiNeurologists
-Helps iiidentify iiseizures, iiencephalopathies, iitumors, iisleep iidisorders, iibrain iiinjuries,
iietc.
oNeurosurgeons
-Used iito iimonitor iipatients iibefore, iiafter, iiand iiduring iisurgeries
o iiPsychiatrists
-Helps iito iidetermine iiif iithe iicause iiof iia iipatient's iiproblems iiare iineurological
DIGITAL iiEEG ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiDigital iiEEG iiis iiproviding iithe iitech ii& iiphysician iiwith
iigreater iiflexibility iiin iithe iirecording ii& iiinterpretation iiof iithe iiEEG
o iiThe iifollowing iiguidelines iiare iiin iia iiformat iithat iiexamines iithe iiessential
iicharacteristics iiof iidigital iiEEG iisystems
Acquisitions ii- iiAnswers ii-•EEG iiAmplifiers:
ii-A iiminimum iiof ii25 iielectrode iiinputs ii(21 iion iithe iiscalp, iiground, iireference ii& ii2 iiextra)
iiare iirecommended iiand iiideally, ii32 iielectrode iiinputs ii(9 iiextra iielectrodes) iishould iibe
iiavailable iiwhen iirecording
Analog iito iidigital iiconversion: ii- iiAnswers ii-•Horizontal iiresolution ii-a iisampling iirate iiof
ii3 iitimes iithe iihighest iifrequency iibeing iirecorded iias iirecommended
,ii•Vertical iiresolution ii-a iiresolution iiof ii16 iibits iior iihigher iiis iipreferred iifor iiprecision
Disk iispace: ii- iiAnswers ii-•The iidata iiis iicompressed iion iiacquisition ii& iiallows iiapprox.
ii24 iihours iiof iiEEG iidata iito iibe iistored iion iia ii1-gigabyte iihard iidrive
Screen ii- iiAnswers ii-•The iiminimum iirecommended iisize iifor iithe iidisplay iiscreen iiis ii17"
iiwith iispecifications iiof ii100 iipixels iiper iisecond ii& iia iivertical iiresolution iiminimum iiof ii2
iipixels iiper iimillimeter
References ii- iiAnswers ii-•The iireference iielectrode iican iibe iiany iielectrode iiplaced iion
iithe iiscalp iithat iiis iinot iipart iiof iithe ii10-20 iisystem iiof iielectrodes
ii•Should iibe iiplated iiin iia iilocation iinot iisusceptible iito iiartifact
Montage ii- iiAnswers ii-•The iidigital iisystem iishould iihave iithe iiability iito iidisplay iia
iiminimum iiof ii25 iichannels iiof iireformatted iiEEG
•The iiability iito iire-montage iiafter iirecording iithe iiEEG iiis iione iiof iithe iigreatest
iiadvantages iiof iirecording iidigitally
Amplitude ii- iiAnswers ii-•The iiuse iiof iirecording iidynamic iirange iiof ii+/-2 iimV iiis
iirecommended ii
•When iiviewing iithe iidata, iithe iidisplay iigain/display iisensitivity iican iibe iiadjusted iito
iiachieve iithe iibest iivisual iipresentation iion iithe iimonitor iifor iiinterpretation iiof iithe iiactivity
Filters ii- iiAnswers ii-•The iiEEG iidata iiare iiacquired ii& iistored iito iidisk iiwith iia iiwide
iibandpass iiof ii0.1-100 iiHz
•This iiallows iithe iidata iito iibe iire-filtered iifor iiviewing iiat iia iialter iitime iiusing ii& iifiler
iisetting iiwithin iithis iibandpass
Calibrations ii- iiAnswers ii-Digital iicalibration iiof iithe iianalog iito iidigital iiconverter ii(ADC)
iishould iibe iiperformed
Activation iiProcedures ii- iiAnswers ii-The iisystem iishould iiprovide iifor iihyperventilation ii&
iipost iiHv iicomments iias iiwell iias iia iitimer. iiAvailable iistimulation iifrequencies iishould
iirange iifrom ii0.5-30 iiHz
Online iirecord iireview ii- iiAnswers ii-The iidigital iisystem iishould iiinclude iithe iicapability iito
iireview iian iiearlier iisection iiof iithe iiEEG iirecording iiwhile iithe iiacquisition iior iireal-time
iicontinues
Analysis ii- iiAnswers ii-•Retrospective iifiltering ii& iidisplay iisensitivity:
-Filter iisettings iishould iioffer iia iirange iiof ii0.1-100 iiHz iifor iidisplay iion iithe iimonitor
•Simultaneous iidisplay:
-The iiability iito iisimultaneously iicompare ii2 iisegments iifrom iiwithin iithe iisame
iirecordings
•Storage iiretrieval
, -Compressed iidata iifiles iiare iidesirable iifor iiarchiving iibecause ii3 iitimes iithe iinumber iiof
iipatient iistudies iican iibe iistored iion ii1 iidisk
-A iilocal iiarea iinetwork ii(LAN) iibetween iithe iirecording iiinstrument ii& iithe iireading
iistation iiis iirecommended
Specifications ii- iiAnswers ii-•Number iiof iichannels: iiminimum iiof ii25, ii32
•Input iiimpedance: iigreater iithan ii10 iimega iiohms
•Sampling iirate: iiminimum iiof ii200 iiHz, ii250-400Hz
•Amplifier iidynamic iirange: iigreater iithan ii+/-2 iimV
•High iifilter: ii15, ii30, ii70, ii100 iiHz
•Low iifilter: ii0.16, ii0.5, ii1.6, ii5, ii10 iiHz
•Sensitivity: ii1, ii1.5, ii2, ii3, ii7, ii10, ii15, ii20, ii30, ii50, ii70, ii100mV/mm
•Display iipaper iispeed: ii1, ii2, ii5, ii10, ii15, ii20, ii30, ii60 iisecs
Advantages iito iidigital iiEEG ii- iiAnswers ii--Enhanced iiopportunities iifor iithe iianalysis iiof
iithe iiEEG
-The iicapability iifor iipost-collection iireformatting/remontaging
-The iiopportunity iito iiperform iipost-collection iifilter, iipaper iispeed ii& iisensitivity
iiadjustments
-The iireduced iicost iiof iioperation
-Easy iirecord iiretrieval
-Allows iifor iithe iienhanced iilocalization iiof iiactivity ii& iithe iiability iito iireformat iito iian
iielectronic iireference
Cautions iito iidigital iiEEG ii- iiAnswers ii--Artifacts iican iidisrupt iithe iisystem iireference,
iiresulting iiin iiloss iiof iiinformation iior iicorruption iiof iiall iidata
-Inadequate iisampling iirates
-Distortion iiof iiwaveforms
-High iifrequency iiactivity iican iiappear iiless
Dipole iiLocalization ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiDipole iifield iidistribution ii- iiis iithe iipotential iifield
iiwhich iispreads iibetween iithe iielectrical iisource iiand iithe iipick iiup iielectrode iivia iivolume
iiconduction
o iiBased iion iifollowing iitwo iiprinciples:
ii-One iiis iithat iithe iicurrent iiflows iifrom iia iipositive iisource iito iia iinegative iisource,
iicreating iipositive iiand iinegative iifields iion iithe iirecording
ii-By iimeasuring iithe iicurrent iivalues iiat iia iiminimum iiof iithree iisites iiin iithree-
dimensional iispheres iiit iican iiestimate iithe iilocation iiof iithe iicurrent iisource iiof iiactivity
o iiDisadvantages ii
ii-Measured iiactivity iiis iiattenuated iiand iidistorted iiby iiintervening iitissue ii(CSF, iiskull,
iiand iiscalp) iibetween iithe iielectrode iiand iithe iicortex
ii-Head iishapes iiare iinot iiexactly iispherical iiand iihave iiunique iivariations
Magnetoencephalography ii(MEG) ii- iiAnswers ii-o iiMagnetic iifields iithat iiare iicreated iiby
iicurrent iiflow iiover iithe iicortex iiare iimeasured iiby iimagnetoencephalography
ii-This iiis iidone iiusing iimagnetic iisensors iiplaced iiover iithe iihead
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