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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 With Complete Solutions
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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 With Complete SolutionsWhat is gastritis? - ANSWER Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red
and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - ANSWER Ingestion of irritating substances such a
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? -ANSWER The back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through
the lower esophageal sphincter. Inflammation results from the reflux of highly acidic
stomach acid that comes up.
What is the cause of GERD? -ANSWER Any condition or agent that alters closure of the
lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine,
large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
What are complications of GERD? - ANSWER Barrett's esophagus where columnar
tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk
for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures,
pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? -ANSWER Epigastric burning
pain which is usually relieved by food or antacids though gastric ulcers present on
empty stomach but can be after food. Duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and
are relieved by food. Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without
warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWER stimulate both gastric and
duodenal ulcer formation and live in acidic regions. It interferes with ulcer healing and
also tend to recur frequently, and its eradication may contribute to ulcer healing.
,What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - ANSWER acute inflammation and necrosis
of large intestine. The lining of the intestines is not able to absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? -ANSWER clostridium difficile,
exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? -ANSWER foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How is pseudomembranous colitis treated? -ANSWER stopping current antibiotics,
treating ischemia and contributing conditions; giving oral antibiotics such as
metronidazole or vancomycin; fecal transplant or colectomy for severe cases
How do we spread the disease pseudomembranous colitis? -ANSWER using appropriate
PPE to stop the spread of this disease; soap and water hand washing only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? -ANSWER Periumbilical pain, RLQ
pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever,
diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? -ANSWER McBurney's point technique, in pressing
on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain
indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? -ANSWER previous surgery of the intestines
with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the
intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and
electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - ANSWER a problem with the act of the bowel
actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications,
opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS
stimulation.
, What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - ANSWER due to adhesions, hernia, tumors,
impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - ANWER hepatocellular failure
(jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric
varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? - ANSWER green- yellow staining of tissues from increased
level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where would jaundice be assessed? - ANSWER eyes, skin and mouth
What is ascites? - ANSWER pathological collection of fluid into the peritoneal cavity due
to albumin loss in the liver allowing fluid to be free amongst the cells. Can give lots of
abdominal pain associated and must be drained with a parenthesis
hepatic encephalopathy? - ANS neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in
the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms
common along with jerking
What is the other term for end stage liver disease? - ANS cirrhosis
What are signs and symptoms of gallstones? - ANS sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of
the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - ANSWER due to often a blockage of a duct from a
cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - ANSWER supersaturation,
nucleation, hypo motility
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