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PSYCH 282 Exam- Behavior Modification with Correct Solutions
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PSYCH 282 Exam- Behavior Modification with Correct Solutions
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PSYCH 282 Exam- BehaviorModification with Correct Solutions
positive punishment - ANSWER includes applying aversive activities or aversive stimuli
Applying aversive activities - ANSWER involves low probability behavior that the person
does not enjoy doing. Acts as a punisher if it follows a behavior and decreases it.
Kinds of Aversive Activities (4 main w/subtypes) - ANSWER Overcorrection: person has
to perform effortful, low probability behaviours contingent on the problem behavior.
Involves positive practice, negative practice, and restitution.
Contingent exercise: after a problem behavior, a person must perform exercise,
usually not related to the problem behavior
Guided compliance: after a problem behavior, person is physically guided to complete a
requested behaviour
Physical restraint: after a problem behavior, the part of a persons body that
performed the behavior is immobilized. Involves response blocking and response
interruption/redirection (RIR)
3 Types of Overcorrection in Applying Aversive Activities - ANSWER Positive Practice:
after a problem behavior, person must correctly perform an opposite or appropriate
behavior repeatedly
,Negative Practice: after a problem behavior, person must perform the
undesirable behavior repeatedly
Restitution: after problem behavior, person must correct the effects of the problem
behavior and restore the environment, often to a condition better than it was before
2 Types of Physical Restraint in Applying Aversive Activities - ANSWER
Response Blocking: behavior analyst physically prevents the person from carrying
out or completing the problem behavior
Response Interruption/Redirection: combines response blocking and differential
reinforcement. After a response is blocked, person is prompted to engage in a
competing response using a least to most prompting hierarchy . Used as treatment
for automatically reinforcing behaviours.
Applying Aversive Stimulation - ANSWER involves presenting stimuli that are aversive
or unpleasant to a person. Acts as a punisher if it follows a behavior and decreases it.
Kinds of aversive stimulation (2 kinds) - ANSWER Reprimands: harsh verbal
criticisms of behavior. More effective when paired with eye contact, holding the
shoulders of the person, and close proximity
Physically Aversive stimuli: cause physical pain, discomfort, or unpleasant sensations
What to do BEFORE punishment is applied (IMPORTANT) - ANSWER Use functional
interventions first:
1. antecedent control procedures, positive reinforcement, differential reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. extinction
4. negative punishment
5. finally, as last resort, use positive punishment
,Conduct a functional assessment: used to determine the function of the problem
behavior
Select the most effective punisher
Use evidence based approach in making treatment decisions: if it doesn't have an
immediate effect on behavior, reconsider treatment plan.
Consider ethical implications always.
What to do WITH punishment being applied - ANSWER apply differential reinforcement
with the punishment:
- use DRO, DRA, or DRI
- punishment indicates what not to do only, it doesn't teach the individual appropriate
behaviours to do in place
- more effective than using punishment alone
- when combined, adverse side effects of punishment are less likely to occur
Ethics of Punishment - ANSWER 1. informed consent
2. alternative treatments
3. safety
4. problem severity
5. implementation guidelines
6. training and supervision of behaviour change agent
7. peer review
8. accountability
9. human rights
generalization - ANSWER behavior that occurs in the presence of an S^D that is similar
to that used in training; behavior change that exists beyond the training program
, operant extinction - ANSWER The reinforcer supporting the behavior is no longer given.
Response weakens or decreases gradually.
negative punishment - ANSWER A reinforcer is removed or withdrawn (appetitive
stimulus is removed which decreases or eliminates the target behavior). Can be
used through time-out or response cost
Time-out - ANSWER contingent removal of access to reinforcers. response weakens or
decreases rapidly
Response Cost - ANSWER A reinforcer is taken away from the person; contingent loss
of a reinforcer currently possessed. Response weakens or decreases rapidly.
Can be implemented with tokens or other conditioned reinforcers or privileges.
Severity of the punishment does not necessarily produce a greater effect; even modest
punishment may be effective
May be more effective than DRO over the long run
types of time-out - ANSWER Non exclusionary time out: after an undesirable behavior,
person remains in the same room or location as the time-in, but is denied access to
reinforcers.
Exclusionary time-out: following an undesirable behavior person is moved to a different
part of the room or is moved to a different location altogether and is denied access to
reinforcers.
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