FinallExam:lCOGSCIlC100lGuide|l
QuestionslandlVerifiedlAnswers|l100%l
Correct|lGradelA
QUESTION
lMindfulnesslandlthelTreatmentloflPsychologicallDisorders
Answer:
Researchlhaslindicatedlthatlmindfulnesslpracticeslarelusefullinltheltreatmentloflalwidelarraylofl
psychologicalldisorders,lincluding:
l•lAnxietylandldepressionl(Hofmann,lSawyer,lWitt,l&lOh,l2010)l
l•lSubstancelabusel(Melemis,l2008)l
l•lEatingldisordersl(Kristellerl&lHallett,l1999)l
l•lStressl(Grossman,lNiemann,lSchmidtl&lWalach,l2004)
#lEffectsloflmeditationlonltheselpsychological,laslwelllaslphysical,lconditionslarelprobablylmed
iatedlatlleastlinlpartlbylreductionlinlcortisolllevelsl
#lResearchlbylHerbertlBensonlinlthel1970sl(primarilylonltranscendentallmeditation)lfoundlthatl
meditationlislassociatedlwith"lalwakeful,lhypometaboliclstateloflparasympatheticlactivity"
Researchlonluseloflmindfulnesslinltreatinglpsychologicalldisorderslinlchildrenlandladolescents:l
l•l14-
18lyearloldslwholtooklanlMBSRlclasslreportedlaldecreaselinlanxiety,ldepression,landlsomaticlc
omplaints,laslwelllaslanlincreaselinlsleeplqualitylandlself-
esteem,lcomparedlwithlcontrolsl(Biegal,lBrown,lShapiro,l&lSchubert,l2009)l
l•lMeta-
analysislofl15lstudieslonlchildrenlandladolescentslfoundlthatlmindfulnesslwasleffectivelinltreati
nglanxietyldisorders,lADHD,lsubstancelabuse,lsleepldisorders,landlconductldisorderl(Burke,l20
10)l
l•lMorelrecentlreviewslhavelfoundlthatlmeditationlenhanceslabilityltolregulatelemotionslandlatt
entionlinlchildrenl(Meeiklejohn,lPhillips,lFreedmanletlal.,l2012;lCairncrossl&lMiller,l2016)
QUESTION
lMindfulnesslandlSubjectivelWell-beingl(self-reportedlhappiness):
,Answer:
•lBrownl(2009)lfoundlthatlallargeldiscrepancylbetweenlfinancialldesireslandlfinanciallrealitylwa
slcorrelatedlwithllowlsubjectivelwell-
beinglbutlthatlthelaccumulationloflwealthldidlnotltendltolcloselthelgap
l•lMindfulnesslpracticelhoweverlwaslassociatedlwithlallowerlfinancial-
desireldiscrepancylandlthuslhigherlsubjectivelwell-beingl
➜lMindfulnesslmaylpromotelthelperceptionlofl"havinglenough"
-l2014lmeta-
analysislpublishedlinlJAMAlInternallMedicinelcalledlintolquestionltheleffectivenessloflmindful
nessltraininglprogramslinlimprovinglmentallhealthlandlreducinglstress-relatedlbehavior
l•lThelmeta-
analysislexaminedl47lrandomizedlcontrolledltrialsloflmindfulnesslmeditationlprograms,lwhichli
ncludedlaltotallofl3,515lparticipantsl
l•lStudieslwerelprimarilyl8-week-
longlmindfulnessltraininglprogramslthatlusedlpsychologicallandlbehaviorallassessments,lratherlt
hanlneuroimagingl
l•lAlonglwithlmindfulness,lmeta-analysislincludedlmeditationslthatlemphasizedluseloflalmantral
l−lMantra:lrepetitionloflalwordlorlphraselinlsuchlalwaylthatlitlhelpsloneltranscendltolanleffortle
sslstatelwherelfocusedlattentionlislabsent
Results:lMeditationlprogramslresultedlinl
l−lOnlylmoderatelreductionslinlanxiety,ldepression,lpain,landlstress/distressl
l•lTheselsmallleffectslwerelcomparablelwithlwhatlwouldlbelexpectedlfromltheluseloflantidepres
santslbutlwithoutlthelassociatedltoxicities
✧lReviewerslpointedloutlthatleffectivenessloflprogramslmayldependlinlpartlon:
l•lTypeloflmeditationlpractice,lAmountlofltraining,lUselandlqualificationsloflinstructor,lDegreel
oflemphasislonlreligionlorlspirituality,lWhetherlprogramlintegratedldietarylregimensland/orlmov
ementlexercisesl(e.g.,lyoga)
☞lMostlformslpresentlmeditationlaslalskilllthatlrequireslexpertlinstructionlandltimeldedicatedlto
lpractice
QUESTION
lResearchlIssues
Answer:
,Thelmodestlpsychologicalleffectslfoundlinlstudiesloflshort-
termlmindfulnesslcontrastslwithlthelmuchllargerleffectsloflneuroimaginglandlreactionltimelstudi
eslonllong-termlmeditationlpractitioners
•lThislsuggestslthat:
l-
lResultsloflmeditationlstudiesldependlinlpartlonlamountloflpracticelandlamountlofltraining/teach
inglreceivedlbylpractitioner
l-
lChangeslinlbrainlfunctionlandlstructurelmaylprecedelnoticeablelpsychologicallandlbehaviorallc
hanges
•lSomelrecentlstudiesltryltoladdresslthislproblemlbylaskinglparticipantsltolengagelinlspecificlty
pesloflmeditationlpracticelwhilelinlthelscannerl
Thelproblemloflmultiplelpracticeslislcompoundedlbylthelfactlthatlmanyloflthellong-
termlmeditatorslpracticelwithinltraditionslthatlrequirelextensivelpreliminaryltraininglinvolving:l
l•lWorkinglwithlthelmind,le.g.,ldevelopinglgreaterlawarenessloflthelfeelingltoneloflthoughtsl
l•lEthicallprecepts:ljustlfocusinglonlwhatlyoulknowlatlaldeepllevelltolbelrightlislanotherldoorwa
yltolgreatlmeditationlexperiencel
l#l"Rightlislrightlwerelwisdomlinlthelscornloflconsequence"l-lTennyson
QUESTION
lPhysiologicallEffectsloflMeditation:lMortalitylRates
Answer:
-
lExperimentallstudylinlwhichlpatientslwithlmildlhypertensionlwereltrainedlinlmeditationlandlfol
lowedlforl19lyears
l➜lMeditationlgrouplshowedl23%ldecreaselinloveralllmortality,l30%ldecreaselinlrateloflcardio
vascularlmortality,l49%ldecreaselinlrateloflmortalityldueltolcancerlcomparedlwithlcontrols
-
l73lresidentsloflhomeslforlelderlylwerelassignedleitherltoldailylmeditationl(transcendentallmedit
ationlorlmindfulness),lalrelaxationlgroup,lorlalno-treatmentlgroup
l➜lAfterlthreelyears,lsurvivallratelwasl100%lforlTM,l87%lforlmindfulness,l65%lforlrelaxation,
landl77%lforlno-treatmentlgroup
l−lOnlyldifferenceslbetweenlmeditationlandlnonlmeditationlgroupslwerelsignificant
, QUESTION
lMindfulnesslandlPhysicallPain
Answer:
#lAllargelcomponentlofl"physicallpain"lislactuallylmental
l-
lThelmindlreactsltolpainlwithlfear,lrejection,ldespondency,lorlalfeelingloflpowerlessness,ldramat
icallylcompoundinglthelpain
l-lTheselarelthelmentallelaborationslmentionedlearlier
l-l"ThislpainlmeanslthatlmylbodylislsufferinglinjurylandlI'mlgoingltolDIE!!"
$lPainlislactuallyljustlsensationsl-lit'slthelaversionlresponselthatlcauseslmostloflthelsuffering
l-
lRatherlthanlthinkinglaboutlthelpain,lhowltolgetlitltolstop,lwhatltoldolaboutlit,letc.,loverltime,lo
nelislableltoljustlbelwithlthelsensationslandlnotltryltolfixlit
QUESTION
lConsciousness,lMindfulnessl<helMind-BodylConnection
Answer:
Inlourlculture,lwelnormallylthinklthat:
l-lOurlmindlislidenticallwithlourlbodylORlOurlmindlislinlourlbody
However,lthelmeditationltraditionslfromlwhichlmindfulnesslariseslholdlthat
l-lOurlbodylislactuallylinlourlmindl...landlthatlwelarelallotlmorelthanlwelthink
l-
lThelsmalllsenseloflselflwithlwhichlwelnormallylidentifylislanlarbitrarylconstructlbasedlonlsens
orylfeedbacklmechanisms
#lRamachandranldemo
QUESTION
lShepardl&lMetzlerl(1970s)
