Hondros 160 Exam 2 Questions Correct
Answers New Update (A+ Pass)
Calcium (serium) - Answers -✔✔8.5-10.5
Calcium (ionized) - Answers -✔✔4.5-5.1
Sodium - Answers -✔✔135-145
Potassium - Answers -✔✔3.5-5.0
Magnesium - Answers -✔✔1.5-2.5
causes of hypervolemia (over hydration) - Answers -✔✔COPD, excessive salt intake,
rapid water intake, poor I/O output
signs and symptoms- hypervolemia (over hydration) - Answers -✔✔headache, weight
gain, anemia, n/v, distended neck viens
causes of hypovolemia (dehydration) - Answers -✔✔fever, vomiting, diarrhea, over
exposure to heat
signs and symptoms- hypovolemia (dehydration) - Answers -✔✔dry skin, dry mucus
membranes, confusion, cramping, flat neck veins, poor skin turgor, low bp, increased
heart rate, dark urine, urine oder
signs and symptoms- hypocalcemia - Answers -✔✔osteoporosis, fractures, anxiety,
confusion, muscle spasms, tetany, seizures
causes of hypocalcemia - Answers -✔✔alcoholism, calcium deficiency, vitamin D
deficiency, chronic renal failure, malabsorption, severe burns, diuretics
signs and symptoms- hypercalcemia - Answers -✔✔kidney stones, n/v, coma,
constipation, decreased muscle tone
causes of hypercalcemia - Answers -✔✔parathyroid increased, overuse of calcium
supplement, immobilization, bone cancer, anti acids, (any) thyroid issues
causes of hypomagnesiumia - Answers -✔✔alcoholism, malnutrition, diarrhea,
impaired absorption
signs and symptoms- hypomagnesiumia - Answers -✔✔anorexia, no appetite,
depression, confusion, n/v, seizures, heart rhythm complicatons
, causes of hypermagnesiumia - Answers -✔✔eating too many tums, renal failure,
ketoacidosis
signs and symptoms- hypermagnesiumia - Answers -✔✔n/v, hypotension, increased
thirst, respiratory depression, body heat complications
causes of hyponatremia - Answers -✔✔excess sweating, vomiting, blood loss, burns,
bowel obstruction
signs and symptoms- hyponatremia - Answers -✔✔headache, muscle weakness,
fatigue, hypotension, nausea
causes of hypernatremia - Answers -✔✔excessive salt intake, canned or processed
foods, antacids
signs and symptoms- hypernatremia - Answers -✔✔edema, dry mucus membranes,
low urinary output, rubbery skin, confusion, flushed skin, irritability, restlessness,
dehydration
causes of hypokalemia - Answers -✔✔chronic diarrhea, excessive use of laxatives,
malnutrition, excessive diuretic use, ketoacidosis, vomiting, excessive sweating
signs and symptoms- hypokalemia - Answers -✔✔abdominal distention, fatigue,
constipation, muscle cramps
causes of hyperkalemia - Answers -✔✔excessive use of Potassium supplements,
kidney disease, excessive fruit intake (bananas & potatos), severe trauma, severe
burns
signs and symptoms- hyperkalemia - Answers -✔✔weakness, irritability, nausea,
peristalsis, arrhythmia, muscle fatigue
Vitamin A - Answers -✔✔assists in proper cell division (helps to prevent cancer).
Vitamin B12 - Answers -✔✔forms red blood cells, helps to maintain a steady
metabolism, increases energy, can also act as an antidepressant
Vitamin C - Answers -✔✔antioxidant that helps to improve the immune system. helps
to improve skin, bones, connective tissue, and cell production.
Vitamin D - Answers -✔✔helps the body to absorb calcium
Vitamin K - Answers -✔✔blood clotting, increasing bone mass, helps to prevent heart
disease
