Hondros 160 Test 2 Exam
Questions Verified
Solutions Current Update
(A+ Pass)
hypocalcemia causes - Answers -✔✔thyroid surgery, chronic renal failure, excess use
alcohol, pancreatic disease
hypocalcemia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔osteoporosis, N/V, tetany, twitching,
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Dysrythmias/cardiac arrest
hypercalcemia causes - Answers -✔✔multiple myeloma, inc. PTH, metastatic bone
cancer, mvmt of bone to circulation, meds
hypercalcemia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔kidney stones, thirst, polyuria,
dysrhythmias/cardiac arrest, paralytic ileus, lethargy, coma
hypokalemia causes - Answers -✔✔diuretics (Lasix), GI losses-vomit, diarrhea, GI
suction, sweating
hypokalemia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔skeletal muscle weakness, leg cramps,
dysrhythmias, dec. bowel sounds/constipation, N/V, dec. deep tendon reflexes, polyuria,
lethargy, confusion
hyperkalemia causes - Answers -✔✔K+ intake, excess use of salt subst., Beta
blockers, renal disease, destruction of RBCs
hyperkalemia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔Dysrhythmias, irritability, muscle
fatigue/weakness, hypotension
hypomagnesmia causes - Answers -✔✔Alcoholism, malnutrition, starvation
hypomagnesmia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔confusion, depression, agitation,
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, N/V, seizures, tachycardia, dysrhythmias
hypermagnesmia causes - Answers -✔✔overuse antacids with Mg++, diabetic
ketoacidosis with severe water loss, renal failure
, hypermagnesmia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔N/V, thirst, resp. depression,
vasodilation, loss of deep tendon reflexes, hypotension, possible coma or death
hyponatremia causes - Answers -✔✔vomit, diarrhea, too much drainage, massive
edema, sm. bowel obstruction, ascites, burns, fistulas, loss through skin
hyponatremia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔HA, irritable, muscle
weakness/twitching/tremors, fatigue, apathy, N/V, abd. cramps
hypernatremia causes - Answers -✔✔abnormal lg. intake Na+ (processed foods,
canned soups, lunch meats, lg. amts. of dairy prods.), IV therapy with too much saline,
antacids with Na+
hypernatremia signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔dry mucous membranes with thick
mucous, dec. urine output, rubbery skin turgor, restlessness, confusion, agitation,
altered LOC
dehydration causes - Answers -✔✔vomit, diuretics, sweat, burns, heat exposures, no
access to water
dehydration signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔dry lips/mouth/mucous membranes,
dark/dec. urine output, tenting skin turgor, agitation, confusion, no sweat/tears,
palpations
water intoxication/hyperhydration causes - Answers -✔✔kidney/liver disease, CHF,
ADH dysfunction, too much IV infusion, sometimes COPD
hyperhydration signs/symptoms - Answers -✔✔HA, confusion, LOC, N/V,
hyponatremia, pulm. edema, cardiac bounding pulse, death
what can hyperkalemia and hypermagnesia lead to? - Answers -✔✔death
ascites - Answers -✔✔abdominal swelling caused by accum. of fluid, most often
caused by liver disease
fistula - Answers -✔✔abnormal connection between organs
components of ABGs - Answers -✔✔pH, PO2, PCO2, SaO2, HCO3
normal pH values - Answers -✔✔7.35-7.45
normal PO2 values - Answers -✔✔80-100 mmHg
