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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 4 Exam
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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 4 Exam1. Transport materials such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carry waste
products away from the cells.
2. Vasoconstriction, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation
3. Factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C
4. Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to the creation of prothrombin activator.
The intrinsic pathway begins with an activation of factor XII and can initiate clotting in 1
to 6 minutes, which falls into the timescale for the slower process. While the intrinsic
pathway involves the interaction of clotting factors already within the blood, the
extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the release of tissue
thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. Where both pathways do eventually meet
up is in the activation of factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin
then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods
are needed for successful hemostasis.
1. What is the function of blood?
2. What are the three steps of hemostasis?
3. What can be synthesized due to vitamin K?
4. Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation:
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,1. Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban,
Apixaban
2. Total resistance to flow created by all vessels of peripheral circulation
3. Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension
4. Cardiac output is a measure of the efficiency of the heart's pump. The cardiac output
refers to the volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute. It becomes a product of
stroke volume and heart rate: CO = SV x HR.
5. Preload refers to end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and
represents volume work of the heart.
1. What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants?
2. What is peripheral vascular resistance?
3. What are the factors that affect hemodynamics or blood flow?
4. What is cardiac output?
5. What is preload?
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1. Afterload is the tension that must be developed by the heart to pump blood into the
aorta.
, 2. Cardiac contractility is the ability of the heart to increase its contractile force
independent of its resting diastolic length.
3. An inotropic effect is one that increases the strength of the muscular contraction.
4. Mean arterial pressure refers to the average pressure in the arterial system during
both ventricular contraction and relaxation. It represents a good indicator of tissue
perfusion. MAP = CO x PVR
1. Afterload refers to the ___.
2. The intrinsic state of contraction of the heart muscle that defines the contractile force
generated by the heart is known as ___ .
3. A drug that increases the strength of the muscular contraction has an ___ effect.
4. Mean arterial pressure
Thrombocytosis is an elevated platelet count above 450,000/µL.
2. Inherited disorders of hypercoagulability include the following; The most common
causes are Factor V gene and prothrombin gene
3. Immobilization, Prolonged bed rest, Myocardial infarction, Cancer, Hyperestrogenic
states, Oral contraceptives, Smoking and Obesity
4. The term describes a reduction in the number of platelets, less than 150,000/µL.
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