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PHAR 100 EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS
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PHAR 100 EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERSWhat 3 civilizations were mentioned in the module with regard to the history of drugs
and what drug was associated with them? - ANSWER Ancient Greece-opium and
codeine, Ancient China-ma Huang, and Ancient Egypt-purgatives
What poisons were mentioned in the module? - ANSWER Curare and Ergot
What is peyote? - ANSWER Peyote is a small, spineless cactus, and has a mescaline
which causes halluciantions
who developed the complexes of arsenic and organic molecules which finally led to the
cure of Syplihlis in 1900s - ANSWER Paul Ehrlich
who discovered sulfa drugs in 1930's - ANSWER Gerhard Domagk
Who developed penicillin in 1940's - ANSWER Alexander Fleming
Who developed streptomycin in 1950's - ANSWER Selman Waksman
What are the 5 steps of drug development - ANSWER Basic research, Preclinical trials,
Clinical trials, Health Canada review and manufacturing, and post market surveillance
and phase IV clinical trial
What 2 parts are in basic research and drug discovery - ANSWER Identification of
target, and studying the target
What are the 2 types of preclinical trials - ANSWER Toxicology studies, and
pharmacology studies
,What 3 things are a part of clinical trials? - ANSWER Proof of safety, Methodology, and
investigation
What are the 3 pahses of clinical trials - ANSWER Phase 1 - looks at ADME in small group
Phase 2 - looks at patients to see effects in medium sized group
Phase 3 - RCT with 1000's of people
What is a gold standard drug? - ANSWER A drug which is the current treatment for a
condition
Why is it safe to take a drug which was just rebranded? - ANSWER The rebrand drug
and original must be bioequivalent which basically means the same. The only thing that
changes is the name.
Why are post-market surveillance and phase IV clinical trials so important - ANSWER
Helps identify and new side effects specific to certain people.
What are drug targets? - ANSWER Usually receptors and drug goes towards this thing
to produce an effect as either an agonist or antagonist
What is an agonist? - ANSWER It is a drug that is capable of binding to, and activating, a
receptor
What is an antagonist? - ANSWER They block the action of an agonist getting to the
receptor to elicit a response, therefore no response is made
What is the efficacy of a drug? - ANSWER the maximal response produced by the drug
How is efficacy different from potency? - ANSWER Potency is the amount of a substance
needed to give a response, while efficacy is the max response
, What is ED50? - ANSWER effective dose for 50% of the population
What has a greater efficacy, morphine or aspirin? - ANSWER Morphine since it has a
higher maximum effect
What is the therapeutic range? - ANSWER The range where the drug is above the
minimum concentration for an effect but below the maximum which would produce a
toxic effect
What is ADME - ANSWER absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What are the 3 different ways for administration of a drug? - ANSWER Topically,
enterally, and parenteral administration
What are ways medication is applied topically? - ANSWER Examples would be skin or
inhaled
How is medication applied enterally? - ANSWER Has to go through GI tract. Mouth,
rectum, sublingual and buccal
What is the first pass effect? - ANSWER Many drugs after oral administration are
absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to
the liver, where they usually undergo extensive metabolism thereby reducing the
bioavailability of some oral medications.
Why is oral medication so common? - ANSWER Cheap, easy and non invasive
How are drugs parenterally administered? - ANSWER IV, IM, or subcutaneous injections
What is bioavailability? - ANSWER Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic
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