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PHAR 100 - Midterm Exam Questions And Correct Answers
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PHAR 100 - Midterm Exam Questions And Correct AnswersKey historical influences to pharmacology - ANSWER -Civilizations: Greece, Egypt,
China
-Poison: Curare, Ergot
-Religion
Why was zinc oxide an important compound - ANSWER currently found in topical
creams (i.e. calamine)
What did ancient greece, egypt, and china contribute - ANSWER greece - opium -
codeine + morphine
egypt - senna, purgatives
china - ephedrine (asthma)
What is Curare's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - ANSWER poison =
paralysis/death, drug = anesthesia
What does Ergot act as poison + pharmaceutical - ANSWER poison = mental frenzy,
burning limbs, uterus contraction
pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, ergonovine: arrests uterine bleeding after
childbirth
What did Paul Ehrlich develop - ANSWER organoarsenicals - binds to parasites = cure
for syphillis
List 9 fundamental drug development process - ANSWER 1- drug discovery
2- pre-clinical
3- clinical trial: initial steps
,4- phase 1: young healthy people
5- stage 2: diseased people affected (~500 people)
6- stage 3: people affected by disease (1000+)
7- Health Canada review
8- manufacturing
9 -Stage 4: taken over long period /taken concurrently w/ other drugs
Name 6 publicity techniques - ANSWER before/after
-fear
-easy solution
-catching your attention
-celebrity endorsement
-discrediting others manufacturers
Name 3 drug targets - ANSWER receptors
-chemical reaction
-physical and chemical forces
Explain ED50 - ANSWER The dose that gives 50% of maximum response
What are factors that contribute to the removal of the drug from the body - ANSWER
Excretion: kidney (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble (conversion needed)
Biotransformation in liver, metabolism, feces (GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk,
Define efficacy - ANSWER the max pharmacological response that can be produced by a
specific drug in that bio system
Define potency - ANSWER dose of a drug needed to produce a specific response
(usually 50 % of max)
, Define therapeutic range - ANSWER the range of doses that keep the [blood] of the drug
above the [minimum] to produce desirable response but below the [toxic response]
What are the 4 major processes of pharmacokinetics - ANSWER 1- absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism
4-excretion
Name 3 general main routes of administration - ANSWER 1. Topical
2. Enteral admin
-enter blood through GI tract
3. Parental admin
-injected into bloodstream
What are the 3 topical administration methods - ANSWER 1. on skin
2. through skin
-transdermal
3. inhalation
-rapidly absorbed by lungs
What are the 3 enteral administration methods - ANSWER 1. mouth: most convenient,
least expensive
2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses stomach/liver enzymes
3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek
Explain biotransformation - ANSWER liver contains enzymes that are able to convert
drugs + other chemicals to water soluble products to be excreted in the urine - usually
results in inactivation
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