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CMMB 413 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved
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CMMB 413 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved mtDNA - - circular - maternally inherited - able to produce own proteins nuclear DNA - DNA from both parents genome - all genetic material within an organism number of homologous chromosomes - 23 pairs how are autosomal chromosomes numbered - ...

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  • October 20, 2024
  • 33
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • CMMB 413
  • CMMB 413

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©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

CMMB 413 Exam Questions and

Answers 100% Solved


mtDNA - ✔✔- circular

- maternally inherited

- able to produce own proteins

nuclear DNA - ✔✔DNA from both parents

genome - ✔✔all genetic material within an organism

number of homologous chromosomes - ✔✔23 pairs

how are autosomal chromosomes numbered - ✔✔from largest size to

smallest size (number of bps)

size and number of genes on mtDNA - ✔✔16kb and encodes 37 genes

what component of genome supports the endosymbiotic theory -

✔✔mtDNA because structure is similar to prokaryotic structure

What do evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial disorders for? - ✔✔Track

lineage as they're only inherited maternally

,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

MIDD - ✔✔maternally inherited diabetes and deafness includes 1% of

diabetic patients and most common in Japanese population

What mutations cause MIDD? - ✔✔- MT-TL1, MT-TK or MT-TE and

reduces tRNA activities which reduces protein synthesis

- decrease in ATP production

- in pancreatic β cells ATP is required to control secretion of insulin and

therefore can result in insulin deficiency

polymorphism - ✔✔more than one allele occupies that gene locus in a

population, and each allele must occur in at least 1% of population

How many base pairs in humans? - ✔✔6 billion

What percent of genome encodes for protein? - ✔✔less than 1.5%

20000-25000 protein encoding genes

How much of genome is unique or single-copy DNA and how much is

repetitive? - ✔✔~ 50% unique

~ 50% repetitive

What is classification of repetitive sequences based on? - ✔✔locations of

the repeats with respect to single-copy sequences

,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

2 major classes of repetitive DNA - ✔✔1) clustered tandem repeat families

(satellite DNAs)

2) dispersed repetitive DNA families

Clustered tandem repeat families - ✔✔- mini and micro satellites

consist of short repeats organized in a head-tail fashion (occur adjacent to

each other, so in tandem). They serve as molecular markers for clinical

cytogenetic analysis as they vary in length between individuals

Where are satellite DNAs found? - ✔✔telomeric and centromeric regions

What percentage of genome do satellite DNAs constitute? - ✔✔10-15%

3 dispersed repetitive DNA families and what are the differences based on?

- ✔✔1) Alu family

2) LINE; Long Interspersed nUclear Element or L1 family

3) Segmental duplication family

- Differences based on length of repeats

What percent of the genome does the Alu family take, and what is the

length of repeat? - ✔✔>10% of genome

~300 bp in length

, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

What percent of the genome does the LINE family take, and what is the

length of repeat? - ✔✔Long Interspersed Nuclear Element

~20% of genome

as long as 6kb in length

What percent of the genome does the segmented duplication family take,

and what is the length of repeat? - ✔✔>5% of genome

can span hundreds of kb

Why are there so many repetitive sequences? - ✔✔Potentially, having

redundancy can help if a small portion is mutated, you still have a large

portion to carry out function

How much compaction is there when DNA is in chromosome form? -

✔✔500-1000x

Two processes in order to achieve cell replication? - ✔✔1) Mitosis which is

nuclear division

2) Cytokinesis which is cytoplasmic division

What phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur? - ✔✔interphase

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