Identify the correct description of the variolation "royal experiment".
A. Members of royal family in London were inoculated by Edward Jenner with
material obtained from cowpox scabs because cowpox was known to be a
microorganism similar to smallpox but less virulent
B. Members of royal family ...
Identify the correct description of the variolation "royal experiment".
A. Members of royal family in London were inoculated by Edward Jenner with
material obtained from cowpox scabs because cowpox was known to be a
microorganism similar to smallpox but less virulent
B. Members of royal family in London were inoculated by Edward Jenner first
with material obtained from cowpox scabs and, after two weeks, with
material obtained from smallpox scabs
C. Members of the royal family were subjected to variolation with material
obtained from smallpox scabs after a "clinical trial" conducted on prisoners
and orphans that indicated the practice was safe and could be performed on
the royal family
D. Lady Montagu, a member of the royal family, became a strong advocate of
variolation after returning from a stay in Constantinople where variolation
was a common practice. She asked the royal physician to variolate her
children. - ✔✔C. Members of the royal family were subjected to variolation with material
obtained from smallpox scabs after a "clinical trial" conducted on prisoners
and orphans that indicated the practice was safe and could be performed on
the royal family
Which of the following scientists contributed the most to the experimental
evidence for the germ theory of disease?
,A. Robert Koch
B. Edward Jenner
C. Ilya Metchnikoff
D. Paul Ehrlich - ✔✔A. Robert Koch
Many aspects of the side-chain theory of antibody formation proposed by Paul
Erhlich have been proved correct with the exception of?
A. The idea that cells express membrane-bound anti-toxins that are selected by
a specific antigen
B. The idea that membrane-bound anti-toxins bind antigen in virtue of a lock
and key mechanism
C. The idea that a single cell can express many different membrane-bound antitoxins
for different antigens
D. The idea that membrane-bound anti-toxins can also be secreted in a soluble
form - ✔✔C. The idea that a single cell can express many different membrane-bound
antitoxins
for different antigens
In the 1890s a rivalry started between cellularists and humoralists. A prominent
representative of cellular immunity was:
A. Emil von Behring
B. Shibasaburo Kitasato
C. Ilya Metchnikoff
,D. Paul Ehrlich - ✔✔C. Ilya Metchnikoff
Louis Pasteur is credited for:
A. The creation of the first vaccine for anthrax
B. The discovery of microbial fermentation
C. The demonstration that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated
D. All of the above - ✔✔D. All of the above
Which of the following is correct about lysozyme?
A. Is an enzyme present in secretions and tears
B. Is part of the chemical innate barriers to infection
C. Is a protein capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria
D. All of the above is correct - ✔✔D. All of the above is correct
Antimicrobial peptides are:
A. Released by mast cells during an allergic reaction
B. Peptides that destroy the integrity of microbial membranes
C. Enzymes that can cleave peptidoglycan
D. Substances that work as opsonins - ✔✔B. Peptides that destroy the integrity of
microbial membranes
The function of the thick layer of mucus produced by intestinal epithelial cells is?
, A. To provide a mechanical barrier
B. To limit microbiota-epithelial cell contact
C. To entrap pathogens
D. All of the above - ✔✔D. All of the above
Which of the following is not considered a virulence factor?
A. Flagella
B. Bacterial effector proteins manipulating host actin cytoskeleton
C. Bacterial toxins
D. Peptidoglycan - ✔✔D. Peptidoglycan
Which of the following infections might be caused by use of antibiotics?
A. Clostridium difficile
B. Salmonella
C. Helicobacter pylori
D. E. coli - ✔✔A. Clostridium difficile
Which of the following concerning M cells is NOT true?
A. M cells are macrophages found in the gut mucosa
B. They represent a portal of entry for some bacteria
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